Colonial Regions, Economies, and Societies: A Comprehensive Overview
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63 Terms
What were the four colonial regions?
Chesapeake, New England, Middle Colonies, Lower South
Which colonies belonged to the Chesapeake region?
Virginia (VA) and Maryland (MD)
What religion dominated the Chesapeake colonies?
Anglicanism (with Catholics in Maryland)
What type of elite dominated Chesapeake society?
Planter aristocracy
What was the main cash crop of the Chesapeake region?
Tobacco
What labor system was first used in the Chesapeake?
Indentured servitude
What social characteristic defined the Chesapeake?
Large plantations and strong social inequality
Which colonies made up New England?
Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New Hampshire
Which religious group dominated New England?
Puritans
Who were the Pilgrims?
English Protestant settlers seeking religious freedom
What document is associated with the Pilgrims?
The Mayflower Compact (1620)
Why is the Mayflower Compact considered partly a myth?
It was later idealized as a democratic founding document
What type of economy existed in New England?
Mixed economy (farming, fishing, trade, shipbuilding)
Why was education important in New England?
Puritans believed literacy was necessary to read the Bible
Which colonies made up the Middle Colonies?
New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware
Who founded Pennsylvania?
William Penn
Which religious group dominated Pennsylvania?
Quakers
What religious feature defined the Middle Colonies?
Religious tolerance and diversity
What kind of economy dominated the Middle Colonies?
Commercial and agricultural economy
Which two cities were major ports in the Middle Colonies?
Philadelphia and New York City
Which colonies made up the Lower South?
North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia
What type of economy dominated the Lower South?
Plantation-based economy
What were the main cash crops of the Lower South?
Rice and indigo
What labor system sustained the Lower South economy?
Enslaved African labor
What social effect resulted from plantation agriculture?
Extreme inequalities of wealth and power
What legal doctrine defined women's status in colonial America?
Coverture
What did coverture mean?
Married women were legally subordinated to their husbands
Was colonial America mostly urban or rural?
Rural
What percentage of colonists lived in rural areas?
About 90%
What was the colonial population around 1750?
About 1.5 million
What labor system dominated the 1600s?
Indentured servitude
When did the first Africans arrive in English North America?
1619 (Jamestown)
What was unclear about Africans' legal status at first?
Whether they were servants or slaves
What laws transformed slavery into a permanent system?
Virginia slave codes
When were the Virginia slave codes adopted?
1660s-1680s
How did these laws define slavery?
Hereditary and racialized
What system was the Atlantic slave trade part of?
The triangular trade
What was the Middle Passage?
The deadly transatlantic voyage of enslaved Africans
How many enslaved Africans were brought to British North America?
About 400,000
What percentage of the total Atlantic slave trade was this?
About 3%
By 1750, what percentage of the colonial population was enslaved?
About 20%
How did enslaved Africans resist slavery?
Cultural survival, religion, rebellion, escape
How did enslaved people practice religion?
By blending African traditions with Christianity
Who are the Gullah people?
A distinct African American culture in coastal South Carolina
Why did Gullah culture survive strongly?
Large enslaved populations and geographic isolation
When did the First Great Awakening take place?
1730s-1740s
What kind of movement was it?
Evangelical religious revival
What did it emphasize?
Personal conversion, emotion, immediate salvation
Name three key figures of the Great Awakening.
Jonathan Edwards, George Whitefield, John Wesley
Which new denominations grew during the Great Awakening?
Baptists and Methodists
How were these denominations different?
More democratic and inclusive
Did some churches accept enslaved people?
Yes
Which denominations dominated before 1730?
Anglican, Congregational, Presbyterian, Lutheran
Which biblical story inspired enslaved Africans?
Moses and the Exodus
What musical tradition emerged from this story?
Black spirituals
How did revival meetings affect authority?
They challenged traditional religious and social hierarchies
Did literacy rates vary in colonial America?
Yes, by region and gender
Which group strongly promoted education?
Puritans
What law promoted education in New England?
Old Deluder Satan Act (1647)
What happened to print culture in the 18th century?
It expanded rapidly
Who wrote Poor Richard's Almanack?
Benjamin Franklin
Who wrote Common Sense?
Thomas Paine
What emerged from shared religion and print culture?
A distinct colonial identity