head and neck anatomy: bones of head and neck

chapter 3

how many cranial bones are there?

8

how many of the cranial bones are paired?

2

which of the cranial bones are paired?

parietal and temporal

how many of the cranial bones are single?

4

which of the cranial bones are single?

frontal, occipital, sphenoid, ethmoid

how many facial bones are there?

14

how many of the facial bones are paired?

6

which of the facial bones are paired?

inferior nasal conchae, lacrimal bones, nasal, zygomatic bones, maxilla, and palatine bones

how many of the facial bones are single?

2

which of the facial bones are single?

vomer and mandible

what is another name for cranial bones?

neurocranium

what is the purpose of neurocranium?

protection for the brain, attachment sites for muscle, framework for cranial and orbital cavities

what is another name for facial bones?

viscerocranium

what is the purpose of viscerocranium?

framework for facial features, attachment sites for muscles, accommodates sensory structures for sensory structures

what are sutures?

where bones are connected by dense fibrous tissue

which bones do the coronal suture connect?

frontal and parietal

which bones do the sagittal suture connect?

left and right parietal bones

which bones do the squamosal suture connect?

temporal and parietal

what bones do the temporozygomatic suture connect?

temporal and zygomatic

what bones do the lambdoidal suture connect?

occipital and parietal

what does the median palatine suture connect?

right and left palatine bones

what does the transverse palatine suture connect?

maxilla and palatine bones

what bones make up the orbital walls?

ethmoid bone, lacrimal bone, maxilla, zygomatic bone, sphenoid bone (greater wing), and frontal bone

what bones make up the orbital apex?

optic canal, sphenoid bone (lesser wing), palatine bone

what is the orbital apex?

the deepest part of the orbit

what makes up the roof of orbital walls?

frontal bone

what makes up the lateral walls of orbital walls?

zygomatic and sphenoid

what makes up the medial wall of orbital walls?

lacrimal and ethmoid

what makes up the floor of the orbital walls?

maxilla

what is an arch?

prominent bridge like bony structure

what is a condyle?

oval, bony prominence typically located at articulations

what is a cornu?

small, hornlike prominence

what is a crest?

roughened border or ridge on the bone surface

what is an eminence?

rounded elevation on a bony surface

what is an eminence AKA?

tubercle

what is a line?

straight, small ridge of a bone

what is a head?

rounded surface from a bone by a neck

what is a process?

any prominence on a bony surface

what is a protruberance?

a protrusion from something else

what is a spine?

abrupt, small prominence of a bone

what is a tuberosity?

large, often rough prominence on the surface of a bone

what is a canal?

a long, narrow, tube like opening in a bone

what is a fissue?

narrow, cleft like opening in a bone

what is a foramen?

short, window like opening in a bone

what is the plural form of foramen?

foramina

what is a meatus?

a type of canal, usually leading from inside to outside

what is a fossa?

deeper depression or concavity in a bone

what is a fovea?

small pit or depression

what is a notch?

indentation at the edge of a bone

what is a sulcus?

shallow depression or groove (for blood vessels or nerves)

what is a plate?

flat structure of a bone

what is an articulation?

where bones are joined together by sutures or joints

what is a joint?

site of union of 2 or more bones

what are the landmarks of a frontal bone?

frontal eminence, supraorbital ridges, supraorbital notches, glabella, zygomatic process

what is the glabella?

smooth, elevated area between eyebrows

what are the depressions of the frontal bone?

lacrimal fossa

what does the lacrimal fossa contain?

lacrimal gland

what do lacrimal glands do?

produces tears (lacrimal fluid)

what are the landmarks of the parietal bones?

superior temporal line, inferior temporal line

what are the 3 parts of the temporal bone?

squamous portion, tympanic portion, and petrous portion

what is the squamous portion of the temporal bone?

large, fan shaped, flat portion

what are the landmarks of the temporal bones (squamous portion)?

zygomatic process, articular eminence, post glenoid process, articular fossa/mandibular fossa

what are the landmarks of the temporal bones (tympanic portion)?

EAM

what are the landmarks of the temporal bones (petrous portion)?

mastoid process, mastoid notch, styloid process, stylomastoid foramen, carotid canal, internal acoustic meatus, jugular notch

what is the sphenoid bone?

single midline, cranial bone that links all bones in the neurocranium

what does the sphenoid bone look like?

bat or butterfly

what does the sphenoid bone connect?

cranial to facial

what does the sphenoid bone articulate with?

all cranial bones, maxilla, palatine bones, and vomer

what are the parts of the sphenoid bone?

sella turcica, lesser wing, greater wing, pterygoid process

what is the sella turcica?

holds the pituitary gland

what are the openings in the lesser wing?

optic canal, superior orbital fissure

what are the parts of the greater wing?

foramen rotundum, foramen ovale, foramen spinosum

what are the parts of the pterygoid process?

lateral pterygoid plate, medial pterygoid plate, pterygoid fossa, hamulus

what is the ethmoid bone?

single, midline bone

what are the landmarks of the ethmoid bone?

cribriform plate, crista galli, perpendicular plate, superior nasal conchae, middle nasal conchae, and orbital plate

what is the cribriform plate?

preforations for passage of olfactory nerve from nasal cavity for sense of smell

what is the occipital bone?

single posterior bone that links skull and spine

what are the landmarks of the occipital bone?

basilar portion, pharyngeal tubercle, occipital condyle, jugular notch, foramen magnum, hypoglossal canal, external occipital protuberance, superior nuchal line, inferior nuchal line

what are the superior and inferior nuchal line?

neck muscle attachments

what are the lacrimal bones?

smallest and most fragile of facial bones

what are the landmarks of the lacrimal bones?

nasolacrimal duct

what is the nasolacrimal duct?

the junction of lacrimal and maxillary bones

what does the lacrimal duct do?

drains lacrimal fluid

what are the nasal bones?

paired bones that meet at midline to form the bridge of the nose

what are inferior nasal conchae?

scroll like shaped bones that form the lateral walls of nasal cavity

what is the purpose of inferior nasal conchae?

assists with olfactory sensations

what is the vomer?

midline of nasal cavity, forms the bone nasal septum

what are zygomatic bones?

cheek bones, part of lateral wall and floor of orbit

how many processes do the zygomatic bones have?

3

what are the 3 processes of the zygomatic bones?

frontal, temporal, and maxillary

what does the frontal process do?

forms lateral orbital wall

what does the temporal process do?

forms zygomatic arch

what does the maxillary process do?

forms lateral orbital wall and infraorbital rim

what are the palatine bones?

paired bones that lie directly posterior to the maxilla

what are the 2 parts of the palatine bones?

horizontal and vertical

what does the horizontal plate of the palatine bones form?

superior portion of hard plate

what are the sutures of the horizontal plate of the palatine bones?

median palatine, transverse palatine, incisive

what are the openings of the horizontal plate of palatine bones?

greater palatine foramen, lesser palatine foramen

what does the vertical plate of the palatine bones form?

part of the lateral walls of nasal cavity and part of the orbital apex

what is the maxilla?

paired bone that is fused together at midline