BSC2085 Lab Midterm

Dorsal cavity

Contains organs/structure such as the brain & spinal cord.

Ventral cavity

Contains thoracic cavity (heart, lungs, esophagus, trachea, thymus) & abdominopelvic (digestive organs, spleen, kidneys, & reproductive organs).

Integumentary system

Includes hair, skin, nails; functions to protect, regulate, eliminate wastes, and detect sensations.

Skeletal system

Composed of bones, joints, cartilage; supports & protects, attaches muscles, aids body movement, produces blood cells.

Muscular system

Includes skeletal muscles, cardiac & smooth muscles; functions for body movement, body posture, and generates heat.

Nervous system

Composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sense organs; generates nerve impulses to regulate body heat.

Endocrine system

Consists of hormones & glands; functions to release hormones.

Cardiovascular system

Includes heart, blood, blood vessels; pumps blood to carry oxygen & nutrients to cells and remove carbon dioxide & waste.

Lymphatic system

Includes lymph nodes, vessels, spleen, thymus; protects against diseases, returns proteins & fluids to blood, carries lipids from the GI tract.

Respiratory system

Includes nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs; transfers oxygen from lungs to blood & CO2 from blood to lungs.

Digestive system

Includes mouth, esophagus, stomach, small & large intestine, rectum, anus, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, salivary gland; functions in physical & chemical breakdown of food, absorbs nutrients, eliminates solid waste.

Urinary system

Includes kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra; produces, stores & eliminates urine, regulates volume & chemical composition of blood & pH balance.

Reproductive system (Male)

Includes testes, penis, prostate; functions to produce gametes (sperm) and hormones (testosterone).

Reproductive system (Female)

Includes ovaries, uterus, vagina; functions to produce gametes (oocytes/eggs) and hormones (estrogen).

Microscope

An instrument used to see objects that are too small for the naked eye.

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)

Site of protein synthesis.

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)

Site of lipid synthesis.

Ribosomes

Sites of protein synthesis.

Golgi apparatus

Organizes, modifies, packages, sorts & tags proteins from the ER.

Lysosomes

Contain digestive enzymes.

Peroxisome

Detoxifies alcohol.

Centrioles

Involved in forming the mitotic spindle.

Nucleus

Control center of the cell.

Mitosis

Process of cell division that includes phases such as prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase/cytokinesis.

Prophase

Chromatin condenses to form chromosomes, centrosomes move to opposite poles, mitotic spindle forms, nuclear envelope dissolves.

Metaphase

Spindle fibers attach to chromosomes at centromeres; chromosomes line up along the center of the cell.

Anaphase

Centrosome divides, 2 chromosomes are formed, spindle fibers pull chromosomes to opposite sides.

Telophase/Cytokinesis

End of nuclear division; new nuclear envelope develops around daughter chromosomes, cleavage furrow appears.

Cytokinesis

Divides into two daughter cells (not a part of mitosis)

Simple squamous ET

Found in the alveoli of the lungs

Simple cuboidal ET

In endocrine glands

Simple columnar ET (non-ciliated)

GI tract

Simple columnar ET (ciliated)

Respiratory, fallopian, and uterus

Goblet cells

Secrete mucus & cilia move it

Pseudostratified columnar ET

Falsely layered, attached at the basement membrane, apical surface has cilia, goblet cells produce mucus, found in the upper respiratory tract

Stratified squamous ET (NK)

Wet surface

Stratified squamous ET (K)

Skin, palms, and soles

Areolar CT

Surrounding organs

Reticular CT

Lymph nodes

Adipose CT

Subcutaneous layer

Dense regular CT

Tendons & ligaments

Dense irregular CT

Dermis

Epidermis

Keratinized stratified squamous E.T. (mostly dead cells)

Melanocytes

Make up 8% of epidermal cells, synthesize pigment melanin & transfer granules to keratinocytes through long, slender projections

Melanin

Tan-brown-black pigment, skin color & absorbs damaging UV light

Dermal papillae

Upward fingerlike extensions of the dermis that fit into the epidermal ridges on fingertips that leave fingerprints

Hair shaft function

Protects from UV rays, environmental damage, thermoregulation by trapping air for insulation, & sensory perception

Hair root function

Anchors the hair shaft in the skin & produces new hair through the hair bulb at the base of the follicle

Hair bulb function

Produces new hair by dividing & differentiating cells

Arrector pili

Causes goosebumps by contracting while trapping air to help insulate the body & conserve heat

Sweat (sudoriferous) glands

Maintaining body temperature, excreting waste products, & regulating skin health

Eccrine (merocrine)

Most common sweat glands, located throughout the skin

Apocrine

Found in the axilla, groin, areolae of breasts & bearded region of face. Do not begin to function until puberty

Pacinian (lamellated) corpuscle

Deep pressure receptors

Meissner's corpuscle

Touch receptors (light touch)

Neuroglia

Protects, supports & provides nutrients to neurons

Neuron

Dendrites receive & process signals; Axon transmits electrical impulses

Meninges

Dura mater, Arachnoid mater, Pia mater

Dura mater

Includes falx cerebri, tentorium cerebelli, falx cerebelli

Subarachnoid space

Contains cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

Ventricles

Includes lateral (left & right), 3rd (thalamus), 4th, and cerebral aqueduct

Cerebral lobes

Frontal (motor; Broca's area: speaking), Parietal (sensory), Occipital (visional), Temporal (auditory; Wernicke's area: language comprehension)

Diencephalon

Includes thalamus (relay station), hypothalamus (homeostasis), epithalamus (pineal gland & choroid plexus - produces CSF)

Brain stem

Includes midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

Cerebellum

Equilibrium & balance; if damaged, can cause 'jerky' movements

Spinal Cord

Ascending (sensory) and descending (motor) pathways

Myelinated axon

Transmits nerve impulse rapidly & efficiently

Schwann cells

Forms myelin sheath, accelerates nerve impulse transmission, & supports nerve repair & regeneration after injury