Chapter 1: Part 1: EXAM 1

Anatomy

The study, classification, and description of the structure and organs of the human body

Physiology

the study of the functions and processes of the body

Radiographic study of the human body

primarily a study of the anatomy of various systems with lesser emphasis on physiology

Chemical level

lowest level of organization

chemical level, molecular level, cellular level, tissue level, organ level, organ system, organism

levels of organizaiton

skeletal, circulatory, digestive, respiratory, urinary, reproductive, nervous, muscular, endocrine, integumentary

name the 10 body systems

epithelial tissue

tissue that covers internal and external surfaces of the body; includes the lining of vessels and organs (stomach and intestine)

connective tissue

tissue that binds and supports various structures (cartilage)

muscular tissue

tissue that makes up the substance of muscle

nervous tissue

tissue that makes up nerves and nerve centers

cell

basic structural and functional unit of all living tissue

skeletal system

includes 206 separate bones of the body; associated cartilages and joints. Terms: Osteology and Arthrology

axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton

Two subdivisions of the skeleton

axial skeleton

80 bones: lie on or near central axis of body

skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum

The axial skeleton consists of

appendicular skeleton

126 bones

shoulder girdle, pelvic girdle, upper/lower limbs

what does the appendicular skeleton include?

support and protect soft tissues (ribs/thorax protects lungs, heart, and great vessels), movement with muscles, blood cell production (RBC), stores calcium

4 Functions of skeletal system

heart, blood, blood vessels (cardiovascular), lymph nodes, lymph vessels, glands, and spleen (lymphatic).

7 structures that make up the circulatory system.

transports oxygen, nutrients, wastes, water/ electrolytes, hormones, and enzymes. protects from disease, prevents hemorrhage by forming blood clots, and regulates body temperature

6 functions of the circulatory system

alimentary canal

the part of the digestive system that includes the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestiine, and anus

accessory organs

includes salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas

Absorption (through physical and chemical breakdown) and Elimination (solid waste)

2 functions of the digestive system

small bowel

responsible for absorption

large bowel

responsible for elimination

respiratory system

consists of two lungs; series of passageways: (exterior to alveoli). Includes nose, mouth, pharynx, larynx, trachea, and broncial tree

supplies oxygen to blood and cells, eliminates carbon dioxide from blood, and regulates the acid-base balance of blood.

3 functions of the respiratory system

urinary system

includes: organs that produce, collect, and eliminate urine (kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra)

regulates chemical composition of blood, eliminates waste, regulates fluid and electrolyte balance, and maintains acid-base balance of body

functions of the urinary system

reproductive system

includes organs that oroduce, transport, and store germ cells (reproductive cells) function is to reproduce an organism

nervous system

composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves, ganglia, and special sense organs (eyes and ears)

regulates body activities with electrical impulses traveling along various nerves.

function of the nervous system

Muscular System

allows for movement, maintains posture, and produces heat

skeletal muscle

43% of body weight

smooth muscle

located in the walls of hollow internal organs

cardiac muscle

only found in walls of the heart; involuntary and striated

endocrine system

Regulates bodily activities through the various hormones

pituitary, pineal, thyroid, parathyroid, thymus, adrenals, pancreas, testes, ovaries, and placenta (temporary gland)

ductless glands of the endocrine system

integumentary system

composed of skin and all structures from the skin: hair, nails, sweat and oil glands

7620 square cm (8% total body mass)

how much of the surface does skin cover

temperature regulation, protection, waste elimination, sensory reception, vitamin D synthesis

5 functions of integumentary system

206

how many bones are in the adult skeleton?

sesamoid bones

small, oval-shaped bones. found in tendons (mostly near joints) or the area of the thumb. not counted as part of axial or appendicular skeleton; the largest are the patella

patella

largest sesamoid bone

long, short, flat, irregular

4 bone shapes

long bones

limbs, compact bone, spongy bone, periosteum (humerus, tibia, femur)

short bones

carpal and tarsal bones are considered

flat bones

consist of two plates of compact bone with cancellous bone and bone marrow between them.

irregular bones

peculiar shapes (vertebrae, facial bones, and pelvic bones)

compact bone

outer shell of most bones, dense bone tissue, body/shaft (contains thicker layer - resist stress), serves to support and protect entire bone

flat bones

calvaria (skull cap), sternum, ribs, and scapulae

spongy (cancellous) bone

found inside shell of compact bone and at both ends of long bones. highly porous; contains red bone marrow (responsible for production of red blood cells)

medullar cavity

the hollow part of long bones that contains yellow marrow in adults

periosteum

A dense fibrous membrane that covers bones except at articulating (joint) surfaces (hyaline); essential for bone growth, repair, and nutrition.

nutrient artery

Near the center of the body of long bones; passes obliquely through the compact bone via a nutrient foramen into the medullary cavity.

hyaline

glassy or clear, common type of cartilage/connective tissue; "gristle"; called articular cartilage

short bones

roughly cuboidal. found only in wrists and ankles; consists mainly of cancellous (spongy) tissue with thin covering of compact bone.

8

how many carpal bones

7

how many tarsal bones

scaphoid bone

most commonly fractured bone in the wrist

flat bones

consists of 2 plates of compact bone; cancellous bone and marrow between them. includes: calvarium, sternum, ribs, and scapulae

irregular bones

include vertebrae, facial bones, bones of the base of cranium, and bones of pelvis.

ossification

process of bone formation; begins about the 6th embryonic week into and proceeds into adulthood

intramembranous and endochondral

two types of ossification

in the diaphysis (shaft of long bone)

Where do primary ossification centers (appear before birth) occur

in the epiphyses (ends of long bone)

Where do secondary ossification centers (after birth) occur

metaphysis

area between the diaphysis and epiphysis where growth occurs; the WIDER PORTION of a long bone adjacent to the epiphyseal plate. where bone growth in length occurs

intramembranous ossification

occurs rapidly and takes place in bones that are needed for protection, such as sutures of the flat bones of the calvaria (skull cap), which are centers of growth in EARLY bone development. occurs when bone replaces membranes

endochondral ossification

occurs in most parts of the skeleton, especially in long bones. occurs when bone replaces cartilage (occurs slower)

arthrology

Study of joints and their function

sternum, ribs, vertebrae, pelvis (and at the end of long bones)

what bones produce red blood cells produced by red bone marrow

from puberty to full maturity (about 25 year)

when does epiphyseal fusion occur

Functional and Structural

two classifications of joints

fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial

3 structural classifications of joints are

synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis, diarthrosis

3 functional classifications of joints?

Synarthrosis

no movement; (immovable). ex. skull

syndesmosis, suture, gomphosis

three types of fibrous joints

Amphiarthrosis

little or limited movement (slight movement); ex. AC joint/tib-fib joint

diarthrosis

freely movable. synovial joint; ex. knee, hip, shoulder, wrist, elbow, ankle.

cartilaginous joints

amphiarthrodial (limited movement)

synovial joints

diarthrodial (freely movable); most of the upper and lower limbs; reinforced by accessory ligaments; articular cartilage; fibrous capsule that contains synovial fluid

Gomphosis

only limited movement; periodontal ligaments between teeth and bone. A type of fibrous joint, such as a tooth inserted into the alveolus.

symphyses and synchondroses

two types of cartilaginous joints

symphyses

cartilaginous joint that is a broad, flattened disk of fibrocartilage between bones; can be compressed or displaced; (ex. pu

synchondroses joint

temporary type of joint; hyaline cartilage converted into bone

plane (gliding), ginglymus (hinge), trochoid (pivot), ellipsoid (condyloid), sellar (saddle), spheroidal (ball and socket), bicondylar

7 movement types of synovial joints

plane (gliding) joint

sliding and gliding motion between articulating surfaces; two or more bones sliding against each other

ginglymus (hinge) joint

flexion and extension only (knee, elbow, fingers)

Trochoid (pivot) joint

rotational motion. proximal/distal radioulnar joints of the forearm, between C1-C2 (dens of the axis forms the pivot, anterior arch of the atlas combined with posterior ligaments forms the ring) (radius, ulna, humerus)

ellipsoid (condylar) joint

flexion and extension

abduction and adduction

circumduction

(ex. metacarpophalangeal joint, wrist joint and knee)

Sellar (saddle) joint

flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction; 1st carpometacarpal joint (thumb) (ankle)

Spheroidal (ball and socket) joint

medial and lateral rotation; hip and shoulder joint

bicondylar joint

provides movement in a single axis (flexion and extension); limited rotation; 2 convex condyles; TMJ and knee.

Sthenic Body Habitus

on average 50% of the population. Average in size and organ location

hypersthenic (sthenic) body habitus

A body style that has a broad frame as compared with the sthenic body habitus. Approximately 5% of the population; exposure factors are higher

hyposthenic (asthenic) body habitus

slender body style; 35% of the population

film-screen (analog) technology

image stored and displayed on film

digital technology

image viewed and stored on display monitors

x-ray film

Physical piece of material on which a latent radiographic image is stored

occlusal plane

Identify A: plane of the skull that is a horizontal plane and is formed by biting surfaces of upper and lower teeth with jaws closed.