bio lch 5

Polymer

A large molecule composed of many repeated subunits (monomers).

Monomer

A simple compound whose molecules can join together to form polymers.

Dehydration reaction

A chemical reaction that involves the loss of a water molecule from the reactants.

Hydrolysis reaction

A chemical reaction that involves the breaking down of a compound by adding water.

Monosaccharides

_____ have molecular formulas that are usually multiples of CH₂O. 1:2:1 radio

Monosaccharides

The simplest form of carbohydrates, consisting of single sugar molecules (glucose, fructose, galactose).

Disaccharides

Carbohydrates formed from the linking of two monosaccharides (e.g., sucrose, lactose).

Polysaccharides

Carbohydrates composed of long chains of monosaccharide units (e.g., starch, glycogen, cellulose).

Triacylglycerol (triglyceride)

A lipid made up of a glycerol molecule and three fatty acids.

Phospholipid

A type of lipid that forms a bilayer in cell membranes, composed of two fatty acids, a phosphate group, and glycerol.

Steroid

A type of lipid characterized by a carbon skeleton with four fused rings.

Peptide bond

Name the type of bond that holds amino acids together.

Dipeptide

A molecule formed when two amino acids are joined by a peptide bond.

Denaturation

The process by which proteins lose their structure and function due to external stressors, such as heat or pH changes.

Hydrophobic

A property of molecules that repel water and do not dissolve in it.

Hydrophilic

A property of molecules that are attracted to water and can dissolve in it.

Macromolecules

Carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acid, and lipids make up ______.

Triose

name of sugar that has 3 carbons

Pentose

Name of sugar that has 5 carbons. found in nucleic acids

Hexose

name of sugar that has 6 carbons

linear

Glucose in its dry (anhydrous) state exists as a ______ structure.

ring

In aqueous (water-based) solutions, glucose undergoes an intramolecular reaction, forming a _____ structure (a more stable, cyclic form).

6 carbons

How many carbons are in glucose?

Which monosaccharide makes up most polysaccharides?

they lack the enzyme cellulase, which is needed to break β (beta), glycosidic bonds.

Animals cannot digest cellulose because…

lipids

Fats, phospholipids, and steroids are forms of ______.

energy storage

Major function of fats is ______.

Phospholipid bilayers

_______ make up cell membranes.

Steroids

_______ are lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings. Maintains cell membrane fluidity and regulates metabolism & immune response.

lipid

Hydrophobic, mostly nonpolar covalent bonds, mostly hydrocarbon region. These are characteristics of a ______.

triacylglycerol

A _______ is made up of glycerol and three fatty acids

Saturated fatty acids

________ have the maximum number of
hydrogen atoms possible and no double bonds

Unsaturated fatty acids

_______ have one or more double bonds.

the double bonds create a kink or bend in the chain

If a fatty acid chain is unsaturated, how is shape of the fatty acid chain affected?

Unsaturated

Which type of fats are generally founds in plant-based foods?

steroids

Cholesterol, testosterone, and estrogen are examples of…..

Polypeptides

______ are unbranced polymers built from amino acids

Protein

is a biologically functional molecule that consists of one or more polypeptides.

Amino acids

____ are organic molecules with amino and carboxyl groups

R groups

Amino acid side chains are known as _____.

Nonpolar side chains

______ are primarily made of hydrocarbons and are hydrophobic.

Polar side chains

______ contain hydrophilic functional groups, such as hydroxyl, amine, or carbonyl ggroups, that form hydrogen bonds with water molecules.

Positively charged side chains

______ typically contain amine groups that can gain a proton and become positively charged in water.

Negatively charged side chains

______ contain carboxyl groups, which ionize at physiological pH to form a carboxylate anion.

they lack the ability to form hydrogen bonds with water

Nonpolar side chains are hydrophobic because…..

they can form hydrogen bonds or ionic interactions with water molecules

Polar and charged side chains are hydrophilic because….

gene

The amino acid sequence of a polypeptide is programmedby a unit of inheritance called a _____.

nucleic acids

DNA and RNA are types of _____.

nucleotide

A ______ is made up of phosphate group, sugar molecule, and a nitrogenous base