bio lch 5

Introduction

  1. Explain the processes by which polymers are assembled and disassembled.

  2. Define monomers and polymers.

  3. Explain the difference between dehydration reactions and hydrolysis reactions.

  4. Determine the number of water molecules involved in building up or breaking down a polymer.  

  5. List the four classes of macromolecules.

  6. Make a chart of these four classes of macromolecules including the name of the monomer, polymer, type of bond, and the basic structure and general function. (TX State Learning Objective 3. Identify the basic requirements of life and the properties of the major molecules needed for life.) 

Carbohydrates

  1. Describe the structures and functions of simple and complex carbohydrates

  2. Name 3 common monosaccharides and 2 common disaccharides.

  3. Name 3 common polysaccharides.

  4. Give the name for sugars that contain 3 carbons, 5 carbons and 6 carbons.  Which type are found in nucleic acids?  

  5. Give the function of each type of carbohydrate as either storage (fuel) or structural (building materials.)

  6. Distinguish between the linear form and ring form of glucose. What form do monosaccharides take in aqueous solutions?

  7. Review the numbering of carbons in glucose. 

  8. Identify the monosaccharide that makes up most polysaccharides.  What accounts for the difference in structure among these polysaccharides?

  9. Compare the structure of starch to the structure of celluose.  How does the structure of cellulose help explain why cellulose cannot be digested by humans?

Lipids

  1. Describe the structures of three kinds of lipids and explain their functions.

  2. What characteristic of a molecule determines that it should be placed in the LIPID category?

  3. What makes up a triacylglycerol (or triglycerol)? 

  4. How many dehydration reactions take place in the formation of a triacylglycerol molecule?

  5. What determines if the chains in a triacylglycerol are saturated or unsaturated?

  6. If a fatty acid chain is unsaturated, how is shape of the fatty acid chain affected?

  7. Which type of fats are generally found in plant-based foods? 

  8. What is the basic structure of a phospholipid?

  9. How are phospholipids similar to triacylglycerols?

  10. What is the basic structure of steroids?  List 3 steroids.

Proteins

  1. List the main functions of proteins and describe the structures of amino acids and
    proteins    .

  2. Draw the basic structure of an amino acid.  (Draw a central carbon with 4 different groups attached to it.)

  3. Identify the R group of each amino acid.  See Table 5.14.  Be able to circle the R group, the amino group and the carboxyl group of an amino acid.  

  4. What is the basis for classifying the side chains as nonpolar, polar, positively charged or negatively charged?

  5. Explain why nonpolar side chains are hydrophobic,

  6. Explain why polar and charged side chains are hydrophilic.  

  7. Name the type of bond holds amino acids together.

  8. Describe the formation of a dipeptide by dehydration reactions. 

  9. Show where peptide bonds form between to amino acids (between which atoms?)  

  10. Explain where you would expect a polypeptide region rich in the amino acids  valine, leucine and isoleucine to be located in a folded polypeptide?  Use Table 5.14.   

  11. Review how a change in one amino acid in sickle-cell hemoglobin can result in a dramatic effect on the function of hemoglobin. 

  12. Describe the four levels of protein structure.

  13. What are some conditions that can cause proteins to become denatured?

  14. List at least 3 functions of proteins.  Pay particular attention to the function of enzymes.  

Nucleic Acids 

  1. Compare and contrast the structures of DNA and RNA and their component nucleotides, and describe the functions of these polynucleotides.

  2. Describe the relationship between gene, nucleic acids and nucleotides. 

  3. Briefly describe the flow of genetic information and define gene expression.  

  4. Construct a table comparing the two types of nucleic acids.  Include type of sugar, bases present, number of strands, and purpose. 

  5. Describe the basic structure of a nucleotide.

  6. Label each of the three components on a diagram of a nucleotide.  

  7. Describe which bases are paired when complementary base pairing occurs in DNA? In RNA?

  8. Given the bases in one strand of DNA, give the bases in the complementary strand.