Chapter 2 section 3

the fucntion of the respiratory system is toe xhcange gases with the?

cardiovascular system

teh respiratory system involves both?

External respiration and internal respiration

what the diffrence between external and internal?

External is the excahnge of gases between the atmosphere and the blood

Internal its the exchnage of gases between the blood and the cells of the body

why do we need oxygen for energy?

We need oxygen to breakdown glucose and form atp

by which procces is glucose broken down?

Aerobic respiration

excees carbon dioxide produced by waste of aerobci respiration is toxic to cells and its removed from the cells by?

internal respiration

if body to atmosphere or atmosphere to body or blood its external. But when the name cell is mentioned ints?

internal

lung is the site of? so is it external or internal?

gas exchange between the atmosphere and blood, its external

the lungs are located insode which cavity? Bounded by the? And the>??

thoracic, rib cage diaphragm

the lungs are divided into right and left which lung has 3 diviisons or lobeS? Which one has 2 and which one is heavier?

right has 3 lobes and its slightly heavier

what lines the entire thoracic cavity? which means it also covers?

pleuara membrane, teh lungs

pleaue is contains how many membranes? Whatdoes it do?

2 membranes it secrets a slippery fluid that decreases friction from the movement of the lungs during breating

the path of air?

mouth/nose pharynx larynx trachea bronchus bronchioli alveoli blood stream or capilaries

Al exchange of gases between respiratory system and cariovascular sytem occures in the?

alveoli

why are there small hair in the nose?

For filtering

what is the role of nasal cavity

First where is it located?

Functions?

roof of our mouth

1 warm and moisten the air which helps prevent damage to delicate tissues that form in the respiratory system

2 they are also line with cillia these cillia trap particlea that are inhaled and are evntaully swept into the throat where they are swalloed

pharynx is a tube at the back of nasal cavity and the mouth and it contains passage ways for both? Which means its the part of which two systems?

Food and air , respiratory and digestive

why doesnt food enter the treachea. Because when food is swalloed a flap of ….. called the ….. presses down and covers the opening to the air passage

Cartilage, epiglotis,

epiglotis is a flap of cartilage that hangs at the entrance of the ….. and prevent food from enetring the …. Pasage while swallowing

larynx, air

when air is taken in the epiglotis is in an ….... position allowing air to pass into ……… tube called the ……. Or …..

upright, windpipe and trachea

trachea is about .. to .. cm long and has walls lined with ….. cells that trap inhaled particles and also the wall of trachea contains ….. …. And ……

10-12 cilliated, muceous membrane, cartilage

Why do trachea wals have cillia it takes what and what to the throat?

mucus and trapinhaled particles to the thrroat

at the uppper end of trachea or upper larynx there is?

box/vocal cords

sounds are prodcued when air is forced past two …. Which those ligaments are they stretch across the …..

the vocal cords , larynx

the pitch and volume of the sound produced varies with the?

amount of tension on the vocal cords

Amount of air being forced past them

the trachea then branches into two …. each of which leads to a ….

bronchi , lung

the walls of bronchi consists of …. Muscke and …… and are lined with …. And ,…

smooth muscle, cartilage cillia and mucus

the bronchi turn into smaller tubes known as bronchioles they contain …. Muscle and also lined with …. And …. And what dont they have?

they dont have cartiligenous tissue

so which ones have cartligenous mucus and cilia?

The trachea and nasal cavity and the bronchi

which ones have smooth muscle cillia and mucus?

only bronchi and bronchioles

eventually the bronchiles end in clusters of tiny air sacs called? As singular its called? what is bronchus called singular?

Alveoli, alvelous, bronchi

alveoli are clusters of tiny air sacs of the lungs found at the ends of ……. A networkm oof …. Sorounds each alveolous all exchange of gases in the lungs occures in the …..

are clusters of tiny air sacs of teh lungs … bronchioles, capilaries, alveoli

to faciliate this excahnge the surfgace area of the lungs is?

enormous

One healthy lungs consists of nearly … million alveoli and has a totals urface area of about ..m² about .. times the surface area of skin

300, 70, 40

why is the surafce area of alveoli so great?

to faciliate the procces of gas exchange

explain the procces of gas excahnge in the lungs

When air enter sthe lungs oxygen in teh air crosses the thin albveolour membrane aswell as the capilary walls and ….. in the blood

Oxygen diffuses from an area of?

disolves. Higher concentration in albveoli to an area of lower concenteration in the blood

carbon dioixde moves oppositly it enters the …… through its thin membranes

alveoli

why oxygen diffuses into the blood and carbon dioixe ddiffuses out of the blood?

cuz of concenteration gradient

the air from the atmosphere does it contain a little carbon dioxide?

yes it does

When oxygen diffuse sinto teh blood only a small amount remains dissolved in the ….. most of the oxugen 95-98% moves into the?

plasma, red blood cells

where in the red blood cells it combines with the ….. which its an ….. containing ….., and produce fast soluble compound that is called …….

hb iron protein, oxyhemoglobvin

each hemoglobin can hold how many irons? And each iron can hold how many oxygen molecules?

4, 1

that reaction ocures where? Wreite the reaction down?

the capilaries that sorounds the alveoli

Hb+4o2 - hbo8

when oxygenated blood goes to body tissues becasue of concenteration?

that oxygenated blood diffuses into the tissues and co23 diffuses into the blood

so that reaction ocures in? Write the reaction down

the capilaries that sorounds the blood

Hbo8- hb+4o2

if oxygen number is given and tells us how many hb? If opposite?

we divide oxygen by 4, we multiply oxygen by 4

co2 and o2 when they enter and leave our body is energy used up? Which procces do they use?

Nope, simple diffusion

then how does co2 get out?

its concenteration is higher in the cells so it diffuses out of the cell into the blood

what are the shapes of carbon dioxide in the blood?

7% disolves in the plasma

23% binds to hemoglobin

And 70% is carried in the blod as bicarbonate ions

co2 reaqcts with water and forms? Then it dicosiaites and formes?

carbonic acid, bicarbonate

where does both of those reactions ocures?

in the plasma of teh capilaries sorounded body cells

write the reaction down?

h2o+co2-h2co3-hco3-h

So most co2 ions travels in the blood as? when the blood reaches the lungs the reactions are ……, right down the reversed reaction

So where dopes this reaction happen?

bicarbonate ions , revererd, hco3+h-h2co3-h2oco3

This reaction ocures in the capilaries located saround the alveoli in the lungs

oxygen is mainly transported by …… while carbon dioxide is mainly transported as

hemoglobin, bicarbonate

normally arterial blood is about 98% saturated with oxygen what are the two conditions that could reult in lower oxygen saturation?

Emphysema and bronchitis, accept any logical answer that could result in less o2 reaching the blood or less o2 being carried by the blood

breating is the moving of air into and out of the lungs depending on the?

inspiration and expiration procceses

inspiration and expiration ar ethe two mechanism of breating

its the procces of taking air into the lungs

Ur ribcage expands and your rib muscles contracts

(The other rib cae contracts while rib muscles relax)

The diaohraghm contracts and flattens and pushes down on the abdomen

The volume of the lunsg increases

when our diaphraghm contracts what does our abdomin do?

it relaxes so its easier for the diaphraghm

a diaphraghm ios a large …… muscle that seperates teh thoracic and teh abdominal cavity and the muscles between the ribs are also ….. muscles they control the movement of the ….. cavity during ….. if these muscles were paralyzed then ……… and ……. Would not ocure

skeletal, skeletal , tharocic breathing, expiration and inspiration

greater volume = lower pressure so expaning teh lungs means greater volume which means inside of the lungs have lower pressure which means air enters the body

And the opposite is possible during eexpiration we make the lungs smaller inside of the lungs more pressure so oxygen is releasde

what things had elastic tissue mentione din our book?

arteries and lungs

why does a single celled organism not need a resiratory systm?

cuz the entire surafce of the ceell is exposed to its external enviromental this exposure alows the difusion and osmosius toi supply o2 and nutrients and remove wates from the cell

muscular changes and skeletal changes that take place when a person inhales?

the rib muscles contracts expanding the rib cage and teh diaphragm moves down

How can we control teh movement of thoracic cavity during breathing?

through the diaphragm and the muscles between the ribs

what are the only two involunatry skeletals?

the diaphraghm and teh muscles between the ribs

what afctors regulate the rate of breathing when co2 increases in our blood?

An increased level of co2 increases the blood stimulate nerve cells in the brain tio stimulate the diaphraghm o increase the breathing rate

the more the body needs oxygen the …. We breath, it does both

faster , eliminating co2 faster and getting more oxygen

respiratory is involuntary but we can? How?

make it voluntary for a little bit , by not breathing

the rate of breathing is controlled by? what does both of them do?

the brain and brain stem monitor the concenteration of co2 in the blood

brain controls diaaphragm and rib muscle while brain stem only controls diaphragm

as activity increases and high levels of co2 nerve cells stimuklate the brain and the brain stem tells the diaphragm to do its job faster

But when its back to normal levels the brain sends a signal to the respiratory system and tells it to calm down

a person can temporarily stop the respiratory system until u pass out and ur brain takes control again this is good for when u go swimming and when u sleep

the lymphatic system retunrs fluid that has collected in the?

tissues

does the damaged tissue have any relation to the blood clot formed?

only warning chemicals THOSE CHEMICALS DO NOT FORM THE BLOD CLOR ONLY THE REACTIONS OF PLATELATES DO

rate of breathing= nerve centers