Unit 2: Population and Migration Practice Flashcards

Flashcards covering key population dynamics, demographic rates, formulas, historical trends, and social factors from Unit 2.

How is Sex Ratio defined, and what four factors can cause fewer women or fewer men in a society?

Sex Ratio is defined as the proportion of males in a population. The four factors that cause fewer women or fewer men are war, insufficient health care for women, migration, and gendercide/sex-selective abortions.

In the 2019 Russian Federation population pyramid case study, what was the total population, and what reasons explain why more women are alive at 80 years old or older than men?

The total population was $145,872,259$. More women are alive at 80+ years old due to Reason #1: Alcoholism, and Reason #2: Suicide and disease (cardiovascular, cancer, tuberculosis).

What is Crude Birth Rate (CBR), and in which world region is CBR the highest?

Crude Birth Rate (CBR) is the number of live births occurring in one year for $1000$ people. Africa is the region where CBR is the highest.

What is Total Fertility Rate (TFR), and what childbearing age range is used to define it?

Total Fertility Rate (TFR) is the average number of children who would be born per woman during her childbearing years, which are defined as ages $15-49$. Globally, TFR has been significantly decreasing over time.

How is Life Expectancy defined, and which two regions in the world have the highest life expectancy?

Life expectancy is the number of years the average person will live. The two regions with the highest life expectancy are Canada and Europe.

What are Crude Death Rate (CDR) and Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)?

Crude Death Rate (CDR) is the number of deaths occurring in one year per $1000$ people. Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) is the number of children who die before $1$ year of age per $1000$ live births.

What is the equation for Natural Increase Rate (NIR or RNI), and how is it calculated for the United States using a CBR of 12.4 and a CDR of 8.3?

The equation is $\text{NIR} = \frac{\text{CBR} - \text{CDR}}{10}$. For the United States: $\frac{12.4 - 8.3}{10} = 0.41\%$.

What is the equation for Population Growth Rate, and why is it a more accurate measure than NIR?

The equation is $\text{Births} - \text{Deaths} + \text{Immigrants} - \text{Emigrants}$. It is a more accurate measure because it accounts for migration (immigrants moving into a country and emigrants moving out of a country). The United States growth rate is $0.72\%$.

What is Doubling Time, what is its formula, and what is the doubling time for the United States based on an NIR of 0.41%?

Doubling Time is the number of years in which a population will double assuming the growth rate remains stable. The formula is $\text{Doubling Time} = \frac{70}{\text{NIR}}$. For the United States: $\frac{70}{0.41\%} = 175\,\text{years}$.

When was the world's first 1 billion population milestone reached, and what historical event around 1750 sparked rapid population growth?

The first $1$ billion milestone was reached in $1804$. The Industrial Revolution starting around $1750$ sparked rapid population growth due to rapid urbanization and advances in healthcare and sanitation.

According to the Population J-curve timeline, in which years did global population reach 2 billion, 3 billion, 4 billion, 5 billion, 6 billion, and 7 billion?

$2$ billion in $1927$, $3$ billion in $1960$, $4$ billion in $1974$, $5$ billion in $1987$, $6$ billion in $1999$, and $7$ billion in $2011$.

Where is most population growth happening today, and what are the specific NIR figures given for Niger and Spain?

Most population growth is happening in LDCs, specifically in Asia and Africa. The NIR in Niger is $3.8\%$ and the NIR in Spain is $-0.11\%$.

Which demographic factors cause population growth versus population decline?

Population Growth is caused by high TFR, CBR, or life expectancy, and low CDR and IMR. Population Decline is caused by high CDR and IMR, and low TFR, CBR, or life expectancy.

Which social factors contribute to population growth versus population decline?

Religion contributes to population growth, while access to contraceptives and women being more educated contribute to population decline.