The napoleonic era

Napoleon Bonaparte

Born an impoverished noble, he became a lieutenant in French artillery and rose to prominence in the political landscape of France.

The Directory

The French executive branch consisting of five directors, which was ousted by Napoleon.

First Consul

Title held by Napoleon after he ousted the directors, signaling his control over France while maintaining a republican appearance.

Napoleonic Code

Established in 1804, it reassured the principles of equality before the law and security of wealth, but restricted rights for women.

Bank of France

Founded by Napoleon in 1800 to legitimize his rule and secure financial stability.

Abbe Sieyes

A key figure who initially opposed absolutism but supported it under Napoleon's rule, reflecting the shift in political ideology.

Concordat of 1801

An agreement between France and the Roman Catholic Church that provided religious freedom while placing the Church under state control.

Continental System

Napoleon's blockade intended to weaken Great Britain's economy by cutting off its trade with Europe.

Treaty of Tilsit

An agreement that solidified Napoleon's dominance after defeating Russia and Prussia, leading to significant territorial losses for Prussia.

The Grand Empire

The coalition of France and its allies that included most of Europe, excluding Great Britain and Russia, under Napoleon's control.

Guerilla Warfare

The form of irregular warfare used by Spanish forces to resist Napoleon's rule after France attempted to make Spain a satellite state.

Battle of Borodino

A pivotal battle during Napoleon's ill-fated invasion of Russia that resulted in significant casualties on both sides.

Treaty of Chaumont

An agreement among the allies to unite and defeat Napoleon, leading to his eventual abdication.

Island of Elba

The first island to which Napoleon was exiled after his abdication, where he was allowed to maintain the title of Emperor.

Hundred Days

The period during which Napoleon escaped from Elba and returned to power before his final defeat at Waterloo.

Waterloo

The battle in which Napoleon was defeated in 1815, leading to his exile on the island of St. Helena.

Hero or Tyrant Debate

The discussion surrounding Napoleon's legacy, weighing his achievements against his authoritarian rule and wars.

Napoleon's Title Restored

After his escape from Elba, he was again referred to as Emperor, despite the restoration of the Bourbon monarchy.

Imperial Nobility

Titles created by Napoleon to reward military and political leaders, including generals and officers.