Immunology Unit 11: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (Part 2) immuno

These flashcards cover various aspects of HIV transmission, stages, immunologic effects, opportunistic infections, serologic markers, testing methods, and treatment options as outlined in the lecture notes.

What are the viral transmission modes of HIV-1?

Cervicovaginal, Penile, Rectal, Oral, Percutaneous, Intravenous, In utero, Breastfeeding.

What is the primary transmission method for HIV-2?

Primarily via heterosexual contact.

What percentage of HIV-1 infected adults are infected through mucosal exposure?

More than 80%.

What is the risk percentage of HIV transmission to children born to infected women?

20% - 30%.

Which fluids have been implicated in HIV transmission?

Blood, semen, vaginal secretions, and breast milk.

What are the CDC defined stages of HIV illness?

Stages 0, 1, 2, 3, and unknown.

What are the symptoms of Acute Retroviral Syndrome (ARS)?

Flu-like symptoms, fever, swollen glands, sore throat, rash, muscle and joint ache, headache.

What defines a Stage 1 HIV infection according to the CDC?

A CD4 count of 500 cells/mm³ or greater with no AIDS-defining condition.

What is the CD4 count range for Stage 2 HIV infection?

200-499 cells/mm³.

What signifies the transition to Stage 3 in HIV infection?

A CD4 count of less than 200 cells/mm³ or documentation of an AIDS-defining condition.

How long can the early phase of HIV-1 infection last?

Months to years after initial infection.

What happens to CD4+ T lymphocyte counts in AIDS?

CD4+ lymphocyte count drops below 200 cells/mm³.

What is a common immunologic manifestation of HIV?

Depletion of CD4+ T Helper Cells leading to a reversed ratio of CD4+ to CD8+ lymphocytes.

What is the threshold cell count leading to opportunistic infections?

Critically low cell numbers of < 50 to 100 mm³.

Name two neoplasms associated with AIDS.

Kaposi sarcoma and malignant B cell lymphoma.

What is the window of seronegativity after HIV infection?

From the time of infection to 6 to 12 weeks, may be longer.

What testing method is used for monitoring immune function in HIV?

CD4+ T lymphocyte testing.

What are two classes of drugs used in HIV treatment?

Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors and Protease Inhibitors.