Bio1010 Unit IV Study Guide

Flashcards for reviewing key concepts in Hormonal Control of Reproduction, Birth Control, STDs, Cell Division, Genetics, Molecular Genetics, and DNA Technology.

What is GnRH?

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone; it stimulates the release of FSH and LH from the anterior pituitary.

What is LH?

Luteinizing hormone; in females, it triggers ovulation and development of the corpus luteum. In males, it stimulates testosterone production.

What is FSH?

Follicle-stimulating hormone; in females, it promotes follicle development in the ovary. In males, it stimulates sperm production.

What is Estrogen?

A female sex hormone responsible for the development of secondary sexual characteristics and regulation of the menstrual cycle.

What is Testosterone?

A male sex hormone responsible for the development of secondary sexual characteristics and sperm production.

What is Progesterone?

A female sex hormone that prepares the uterus for pregnancy and maintains pregnancy.

What is Ovulation?

The release of an egg from the ovary.

What is Endometrium?

The inner lining of the uterus, which thickens during the menstrual cycle in preparation for possible implantation of an embryo.

What is Corpus Luteum?

A temporary endocrine gland formed in the ovary after ovulation, which secretes progesterone and estrogen.

What is hCG?

Human chorionic gonadotropin; a hormone produced by the placenta after implantation, which maintains the corpus luteum during early pregnancy.

What are Barrier methods of birth control?

Methods of birth control that physically block sperm from reaching the egg.

What are Permanent methods of birth control?

Surgical procedures that permanently prevent pregnancy.

What are Hormonal methods of birth control?

Birth control methods that use hormones to prevent ovulation, fertilization, or implantation.

What is a Condom?

A barrier method of birth control made of latex or other material, worn over the penis during intercourse.

What is a Diaphragm?

A barrier method of birth control; a dome-shaped cup inserted into the vagina to cover the cervix.

What is Vasogel?

An experimental method of male birth control that involves injecting a gel into the vas deferens to block sperm flow.

What is a Vasectomy?

A surgical procedure for male sterilization that involves cutting and sealing the vas deferens.

What is a Tubal ligation?

A surgical procedure for female sterilization that involves cutting and sealing the fallopian tubes.

What is the Birth control pill?

An oral contraceptive containing synthetic hormones to prevent ovulation.

What are Implant/vaginal ring/shot/hormone patch?

Long-acting hormonal contraceptives that release hormones to prevent pregnancy.

What is an IUD?

Intrauterine device; a small device inserted into the uterus to prevent pregnancy.

What is Plan B?

Emergency contraception that can be taken after unprotected sex to prevent pregnancy.

What is RU 486?

A medication that blocks the effects of progesterone, used to terminate early pregnancies.

What are Viral STDs? Give an example.

STDs caused by viruses, such as herpes, HIV, and HPV.

What are Bacterial STDs? Give an example.

STDs caused by bacteria, such as chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphilis.

What are Protist STDs? Give an example.

STDs caused by protists, such as trichomoniasis.

What are Fungal STDs? Give an example.

STDs caused by fungi, such as yeast infections.

What are Arthropod STDs? Give an example.

STDs caused by arthropods, such as pubic lice and scabies.

What is Mitosis?

A type of cell division that results in two daughter cells each having the same number and kind of chromosomes as the parent nucleus, typical of ordinary tissue growth.

What is Meiosis?

A type of cell division that results in four daughter cells each with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell, as in the production of gametes and plant spores.

What does Diploid mean?

Containing two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent.

What does Haploid mean?

Having a single set of unpaired chromosomes.

What is a Gamete?

A mature haploid male or female germ cell that is able to unite with another of the opposite sex in sexual reproduction to form a zygote.

What is a Daughter Cell?

Either of the two cells formed when a cell undergoes cell division by mitosis. They are identical to the parent cell

What does Paternal mean?

Relating to or derived from the father.

What does Maternal mean?

Relating to or derived from the mother.

What is Amniocentesis?

A prenatal test in which a sample of amniotic fluid is taken from around the fetus to test for chromosomal abnormalities and fetal infections.

What is Nondisjunction?

The failure of one or more pairs of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate normally during nuclear division, usually resulting in an abnormal distribution of chromosomes in the daughter nuclei.

What is Trisomy 21?

A genetic disorder in which a person has three copies of chromosome 21 instead of the usual two, resulting in developmental delays and intellectual disability.

What is a Karyotype?

The number and appearance of chromosomes in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell.

What is a Tetrad?

A structure formed during meiosis consisting of two homologous chromosomes, each with two sister chromatids.

What is Crossing Over?

The exchange of genes between homologous chromosomes, resulting in a mixture of parental characteristics in offspring.

What is a Dominant Allele?

An allele that produces the same phenotype whether inherited with an identical allele copy or with two different alleles.

What is a Recessive Allele?

An allele that produces its characteristic phenotype only when inherited with an identical allele copy.

What is an Allele?

A variant form of a gene.

What does Homozygous mean?

A pair of matching alleles, which are the two genes that control a particular trait.

What does Heterozygous mean?

Refers to having inherited two different forms of genes for a particular trait.

What is a Genotype?

An individual's collection of genes.

What is a Phenotype?

An individual's observable traits.

What is a Carrier?

An individual who carries and is capable of passing on a genetic mutation associated with a disease and may or may not display disease symptoms.

What is a Punnett Square?

A chart used to determine the probability of different genotypes and phenotypes in offspring.

What is the Genotype Ratio?

The ratio of different genotypes in a population.

What is the Classic Mendelian Ratio?

The expected ratio of phenotypes in the offspring of a cross, based on Mendelian inheritance.

What is the Phenotype Ratio?

The ratio of different phenotypes in a population.

What is a Pedigree?

A diagram that shows the occurrence and appearance of phenotypes of a particular gene or organism and its ancestors from one generation to the next.

What is a Polygenic Trait?

A trait controlled by multiple genes.

What is Incomplete Dominance?

A form of intermediate inheritance in which one allele for a specific trait is not completely expressed over its paired allele. This results in a third phenotype in which the expressed physical trait is a combination of the phenotypes of both alleles.

What is a Multiple Allele Trait?

More than two alleles determining the phenotype.

What is Codominance?

A relationship between two versions of a gene. Both alleles are expressed and contribute to the phenotype of the individual.

What is a Sex Influenced Trait?

Traits in which the expression and penetrance differ in males and females.

What is a Sex Linked Trait?

A single gene is on a sex chromosome rather than a nonsex chromosome.

What are Fraternal Twins?

Twins who develop different eggs that were fertilized at the same time.

What are Identical Twins?

Twins who develop from one egg splitting into two after it's fertilized.

What is Y Chromosome Analysis?

A technique used to trace ancestry through the male line.

What is an STR Marker?

A short tandem repeat is a microsatellite, consisting of a unit of two to seven nucleotides repeated hundreds of times

What is Extra Nuclear DNA?

DNA located outside the nucleus, i.e., in the mitochondria.

What is Mitochondrial DNA Analysis?

A technique used to trace ancestry through the maternal line.

What is DNA?

Hereditary material in humans and almost all other organisms.

What is Deoxyribose?

A monosaccharide with five carbon atoms, and one oxygen atom a part of the DNA structure.

What is Adenine?

A nitrogenous base found in DNA and RNA; pairs with Thymine (T) in DNA.

What is Thymine?

A nitrogenous base found in DNA; pairs with Adenine (A).

What is Cytosine?

A nitrogenous base found in DNA and RNA; pairs with Guanine (G).

What is Guanine?

A nitrogenous base found in DNA and RNA; pairs with Cytosine (C).

What is the Base Pair Rule?

Adenine (A) pairs with Thymine (T) and Cytosine (C) pairs with Guanine (G).

What is a Nucleotide?

The basic building block of nucleic acids, DNA and RNA.

What is a DNA Triplet?

A sequence of three DNA or RNA nucleotides that corresponds with a specific amino acid or stop signal during protein synthesis.

What is an RNA Codon?

A sequence of three RNA nucleotides that corresponds with a specific amino acid or stop signal during protein synthesis.

What is Transcription?

The process of creating mRNA from a DNA template.

What is Translation?

The process of creating a protein from an mRNA template.

What is a Point Mutation?

A mutation affecting only one or very few nucleotides in a gene sequence.

What is Base Substitution?

A type of point mutation where one base is swapped out for another.

What is Insertion Mutation?

The addition of one or more nucleotide base pairs into a DNA sequence.

What is a DNA Profile?

The result of your DNA 'fingerprint,' that provides a unique identifier.

What is Noncoding DNA?

Components of an organism's DNA that do not encode protein sequences.

What is an STR Locus?

A location in a genome where a short sequence of nucleotides is organized as a tandem repeat.

What is STR Analysis?

A method used to compare specific loci on DNA from two or more samples.

What is PCR?

Polymerase chain reaction, a technique used to amplify a single copy or a few copies of a segment of DNA.

What is CODIS?

Combined DNA Index System, a DNA database.

What is Genetic Testing?

Tests to identify changes in genes, chromosomes, or proteins.

What is Genetic Counseling?

A type of counseling that offers information and support to people who have, or may be at risk for, genetic disorders.

What is Recombinant DNA?

A technology that combines DNA molecules from different sources into one molecule.

What is a Transgene?

An organism that contains genetic material into which DNA from an unrelated organism has been introduced.

What is PKU?

Phenylketonuria, a birth defect that causes an amino acid called phenylalanine to build up in the body.

What is Bioremediation?

A process that uses living organisms to remove pollutants from the environment.

What is a GMO?

Genetically modified organism, an organism whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques.

What is CRISPR?

Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats, a gene editing technology.