Studied by 0 people
Looks like no one added any tags here yet for you.
Cohesion
water molecules stick together
Adhesion
water molecules stick to other polar molecules
Density of water
As water freezes, it forms a crystalline structure, making ice less dense than water.
dehydration synthesis
water taken out to form a bond
hydrolysis
water added to break a bond
carbs
CHO
maltose
disaccharide formed by condensation of two glucose molecules
sucrose
disaccharide formed by condensation of a glucose molecule and a fructose molecule
lactose
disaccharide formed by condensation of a glucose molecule and a galactose molecule.
glycogen and starch are formed by the condensation
alpha glucose
cellulose is formed by the condensation of
beta glucose
glycogen
animal energy storage
starch
plant energy storage
cellulose
plant structure
chitin
fungus structure
proteins
chon
primary structure
amino acid chain
secondary structure
alpha and beta sheets (hydrogen bonding)
tertiary structure
3D shape of a protein, resulting from interactions between R groups.
quaternary structure
polypeptide chains
functions of proteins
Enzymes
Structural Support
Defense
Signaling
Transport
DNA
double helix, deoxyribose, A-T C-G
RNA
single stranded, ribose A-U C-G
rough endoplasmic reticulum
Has ribosomes; makes and transports proteins.
smooth er
No ribosomes; makes lipids and detoxifies toxins.
Golgi Apparatus
Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for transport or secretion.
Peroxisome
Breaks down fatty acids and detoxifies harmful substances like hydrogen peroxide.
Hypertonic Solution
A solution with a higher solute concentration outside the cell; water moves out of the cell, causing it to shrink.
Hypotonic Solution
A solution with a lower solute concentration outside the cell; water moves into the cell, causing it to swell.
Light-Dependent Reactions Input
Input: Light, water, ADP, NADP⁺
Light-Dependent Reactions Output
Output: ATP, NADPH, oxygen (O₂)
Light-Dependent Reactions Process
Light excites electrons in chlorophyll.
Water is split (photolysis), releasing O₂.
ETC generates ATP (via photophosphorylation) and NADPH
Light-Dependent Reactions Location
thykaloid membrane
Light-Independent Reactions (Calvin Cycle) location
stroma
Light-Independent Reactions (Calvin Cycle) Output
Glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆), ADP, NADP⁺.
Light-Independent Reactions (Calvin Cycle) Input
CO₂, ATP, NADPH
Light-Independent Reactions (Calvin Cycle) Process
CO₂ is fixed into a 3-carbon sugar (G3P) using ATP and NADPH.
Glycolysis input
Glucose, 2 ATP.
Glycolysis output
2 pyruvate, 2ATP, 2 NADH.
Glycolysis location
cytoplasm
Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle) location
mitochondrial matrix
Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle) input
Acetyl-CoA (derived from pyruvate
Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle) output
2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH₂, CO₂ (per glucose molecule).
Electron Transport Chain (ETC) location
inner mitochondria membrane
Electron Transport Chain (ETC) input
NADH, FADH₂, O₂.
ETC output
~32-34 ATP, water.
ETC process
Electrons are transferred through protein complexes, pumping protons (H⁺) into the intermembrane space.
ATP synthase uses the proton gradient to generate ATP (oxidative phosphorylation).
O₂ serves as the final electron acceptor, forming water.
exergonic
A chemical reaction that releases energy; occurs spontaneously, products have more energy (Example: Cellular respiration.)
endergonic
A chemical reaction that absorbs energy, products have less energy (EX; Photosynthesis)
negative feedback
A mechanism where a process is inhibited or reduced to maintain homeostasis.
Positive Feedback:
A mechanism where a process is amplified or enhanced, pushing the system further from equilibrium.
interphase
G₁, S, G₂ phases
Cyclins
Proteins that regulate the cell cycle by activating cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs)
CDKS
Enzymes that, when activated by cyclins, regulate the progression of the cell cycle.
