Lesson 7 Cardiovascular System Diseases and Disorders

acyanotic conditions

acyanotic conditions

pink puffers

aneurysm

the weakening of an arterial wall causing bulging with risk of rupture

angina pectoris

chest pain that results from temporary ischemia of the heart muscle

angiography

X-ray to view blood vessels in your body to diagnose malformation, blockages, enlargements or narrowing in areas such as the heart, abdomen, brain and legs. A radiodense dye (iodine) is injected with use of a catheter into the vessels under investigation.

arrhythmia

irregular heartbeat

arteriosclerosis

cardiovascular disease where the arterioles become thick, stiff and lose their elasticity. Frequently occurs with aging.

atheromas

build up of debris inside the walls of an artery that is mostly made up of macrophages, lipids, Ca+, and connective tissue.

atherosclerosis

A condition in which plaque (fat, cholesterol, calcium) forms along the inside walls of arteries and narrows the lumen, causing an interruption of oxygen-rich blood flow.

atrial fibrillation

rapid, random, ineffective contractions of the atrium

atrioventricular (AV) node

a node of specialized heart muscle located in the septal wall of the right atrium; receives electrical impulses from the sinoatrial node and transmits them to the atrioventricular bundle

auscultation

Using a stethoscope to listen to certain organs, such as the heart.

bradycardia

a slow heart rate, generally below 60 bpm although it depends on what the individuals "normal" is.

Bundle of His

A collection of cardiac muscle fibres that deliver electrical impulses from the AV (Atrioventricular) node to the Purkinje fibres. Electrical signals are then transmitted to the ventricles which then contract

cardiomegaly

abnormal enlargement of the heart

claudication

when pain or cramping occurs the leg due to ischemia and is typically triggered by exercise when muscle requires more blood flow and oxygen however blood vessels are obstructed (usually with atheromas)

Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)

when the heart muscles weakens and leads to fluid buildup in the lungs or in the body.

diaphoresis

sweating to an unusual degree

diastole

heart muscle is relaxed (not contracting)

diastolic pressure

the minimum arterial pressure during relaxation. Also, dilation of the ventricles in the heart when the ventricles are filled with blood. (the second number/bottom number recorded when taking blood pressure)

dysrhythmia

an irregularity in normal rhythm; shown in a record of electrical activity of the heart or brain

echocardiography

an ultrasonic diagnostic procedure used to evaluate the structures and motion of the heart

ectopic pacemaker

a pacemaker other than the SA node

Electrocardiography (ECG)

recording of electricity flowing through the heart

embolus

an unattached mass that obstructs blood vessels while traveling through the bloodstream.

Endocarditis

inflammation of the inner lining (endocardium) of the heart

hypertension

high blood pressure

hypertrophy

enlargement of an organ or tissue from the increase in size of its cells

mediastinum

the space in between your two lungs where the heart is located. Central part of the thoracic cavity, it includes the trachea and esophagus and heart.

medulla oblongata

Part of the brainstem that controls vital life-sustaining functions such as heartbeat, breathing, blood pressure, and digestion.

myocarditis

inflammation of the myocardium (heart muscle) that may reduce heart's ability to pump and may also cause arrhythmias.

myosin

motor proteins used in muscle contraction. ATP dependant

necrosis

cell death as the result of disease, injury or lack of blood supply.

oliguria

a significant reduction in urine output.

pericarditis

inflammation of the pericardium

peripheral vascular disease

Vascular disease affecting blood vessels outside of the heart and especially those vessels supplying the extremities. Usually involves formation of atheromas.

phlebothrombosis

abnormal condition of a blood clot in a vein

plethysmography

any technique for measuring changes in the volume of blood in a part of the body

pulsus paradoxus

drop in blood pressure >10 mmHg with inspiration

Purkinje fiber

fibers that serve to conduct electrical impulses through the right and left ventricles

Rheumatic Fever

A Group A beta-hemolytic Streptococcus bacterial infection that can be carried in the blood to the joints, heart and brain if not treated with antibiotics

shock

the circulatory system is not providing enough blood flow to the tissues

sinoatrial (SA) node

A specialized area of cardiac tissue, located in the right atrium of the heart, which initiates the electrical impulses that determine the heart rate; often termed the pacemaker for the heart.

systole

the contraction that happens after the ventricles refill with blood and between the first and second sounds of the heart

systolic pressure

the pressure of the arterial blood when the heart contracts

tachycardia

a condition where the heart beats faster than normal while at rest, typically over 100 beats per minute.

Tetralogy of Fallot

a congenital malformation of the heart involving four distinct defects

thrombophlebitis

inflammation of a vein associated with a clot formation

troponin

are proteins found in skeletal and cardiac muscle fibers, which bind to calcium and regulate muscular contraction.

varicose veins

Can happen to any superficial vein but typically occurs in those of the legs. The vein becomes visible, twisted and slightly raised, which is due to blood not flowing well against gravity back to the heart. The blood flow is sluggish and an increased pressure in the vein cause vessel to distort. Potential complications involve the blood pooling and can forming clots.

ventricular septal defect (VSD)

a hole in the ventricular septum that causes blood to mix between the RV and LV