❓❓OFFICIAL STUDY Ch. 6 Bones, Ch. 8 Joints, Ch. 9 Muscles❓❓

The structure of bone tissue suits the function. Which of the following bone tissues is adapted to support weight and withstand torsion stresses?

Compact bone

Yellow bone marrow contains a large percentage of ________.

Fat

The cell responsible for secreting the matrix of bone is the ________.

Osteoblast

What kind of tissue is the forerunner of long bones in the embryo?

Hyaline cartilage

What can a deficiency of growth hormone during bone formation cause?

Decreased epiphyseal plate activity

A fracture in the shaft of a bone would be a break in the ________.

Diaphysis

The term diploë refers to the ________.

Internal layer of spongy bone in flat bones

Which of the following is a bone marking described as a round or oval opening through a bone?

Foramen

Which of the following is implicated in osteoporosis in older women?

Estrogen deficiency due to menopause

Ossification of the ends of long bones ________.

Produced by secondary ossification centers

Which structure allows the diaphysis of the bone to increase in length until early childhood?

Epiphyseal plate

Which of the following is the single most important stimulus for epiphyseal plate activity during infancy and childhood?

Growth hormone

Which of the following is NOT a function of the skeletal system?

Communication

Which of the following bones are NOT a part of the appendicular skeleton?

Skull

Bones are covered and lined by a protective tissue called periosteum. The inner (osteogenic layer consists primarily of ________.

Osteogenic cells

The periosteum is secured to the underlying bone by ________.

Perforating (Sharpey's fibers)

The central (Haversian canal that runs through the core of each osteon is the site of ________.

Blood vessels and nerve fibers

The resilience of bone is thought to come from which of the following?

Sacrificial bonds in or between collagen molecules

For intramembranous ossification to take place, which of the following is necessary?

Ossification centers form in the fibrous connective tissue membrane

The process of bones increasing in thickness is known as ________.

Appositional growth

Bones are constantly undergoing resorption (breaking bone down for various reasons. Which of the following cells accomplishes this process?

Osteoclast

Which hormone increases osteoclast activity to release more calcium ions into the bloodstream?

Parathyroid hormone

Which bone would likely take the longest to heal?

Thigh bone of an elderly individual

Wolff's law is concerned with ________.

The thickness and shape of a bone being dependent on stresses placed upon it

Cranial bones develop ________.

Within fibrous membranes

In humans, the effect of the hormone calcitonin is to ________.

Temporarily decrease blood calcium levels when administered in large doses

At what age do bones reach their peak density?

Early adulthood

Cartilage grows in two ways, appositional and interstitial. What is appositional growth?

The secretion of new matrix against the external face of existing cartilage

Which of the following statements best describes interstitial growth of cartilage?

Chondrocytes in the lacunae divide and secrete matrix, allowing the cartilage to grow from within.

In the epiphyseal plate, cartilage grows ________.

By pushing the epiphysis away from the diaphysis

Spongy bone contains ________.

Trabeculae

Ossification (Osteogenesis is the process of ________.

Bone formation

Lengthwise, long bone growth during infancy and youth is exclusively through ________.

Interstitial growth of the epiphyseal plates

Growth of bones is controlled by a symphony of hormones. Which hormone is of greatest importance for bone growth during infancy and childhood?

Growth hormone

In some cases, the epiphyseal plate of the long bones of children closes too early. What might be the cause?

Elevated levels of sex hormones

Prevention of osteoporosis includes adequate intake of ________.

Calcium and vitamin D

What tissue forms the model for endochondral ossification?

Cartilage

The pubic symphysis connects the two hip bones anteriorly and provides a little movement during childbirth. Choose the most appropriate tissue for this structure that is subjected to both pressure and stretch.

Fibrocartilage

At an archeological site you find a bone that is cylindrical in shape, about one inch long and a quarter of an inch wide. Choose the correct classification.

Long

Choose the structures that most directly provide nutrients and remove wastes from osteocytes in compact bone.

Canaliculi

Skeletal remains are found at an archeological site. X-rays of the femur show evidence of a thin epiphyseal plate. This bone likely belonged to which of the following?

18-year-old male

When an osteoblast becomes completely surrounded by its own matrix secretions it is referred to as a ________.

Osteocyte

Choose the best location for obtaining a red bone marrow sample from a patient.

Hip bone

Which of the following is a bone disorder characterized by excessive and haphazard bone deposit and resorption?

Paget's disease

Choose which bone marking type would likely increase in size when a weight lifter repeatedly exercises muscles that attach to it.

Trochanter

A situation where the bones are connected exclusively by ligaments, cords, or bands of fibrous tissue is a .

syndesmosis

The cruciate ligaments of the knee .

prevent hyperextension of the knee

Articular cartilage found at the ends of the long bones serves to .

provide a smooth surface at the ends of synovial joints

Synchondroses and symphyses are examples of joints.

cartilaginous

On the basis of structural classification, which is a fibrous joint?

syndesmosis

Connective tissue sacs lined with synovial membrane that act as cushions in places where friction develops are called .

bursae

Articulations permitting only slight degrees of movement are .

amphiarthroses

Which of the following are cartilaginous joints?

synchondroses

Bowing to your opponent before a jiu jitsu match would be considered a movement.

flexion

The ligaments that protect the alignment of the femoral and tibial condyles and limit the movement of the femur anteriorly and posteriorly are called .

cruciate ligaments

Bending your head back until it hurts is an example of .

hyperextension

In the classification of joints, which of the following is true?

All synovial joints are freely movable.

Synarthrotic joints .

are immovable joints

Fibrous joints are classified as .

sutures, syndesmoses, and gomphoses

In symphysis joints the articular surfaces of the bones are covered with .

hyaline cartilage

Synovial fluid is present in joint cavities of freely movable joints. Which of the following statements is true about this fluid?

It contains hyaluronic acid.

Which of the following statements defines synchondroses?

cartilaginous joints where hyaline cartilage unites the ends of bones

What are menisci (articular discs)?

wedges of fibrocartilage that partially or completely divide the synovial cavity

Which of the following is a true statement regarding gliding movements?

Gliding movements occur at the intercarpal and intertarsal joints.

What is moving a limb away from the midline of the body along the frontal plane called?

abduction

The terms inversion and eversion pertain only to the .

feet

The hip joint is a good example of a(n) synovial joint.

multiaxial

Which of the following movements does NOT increase or decrease the angle between bones?

rotation

Compared to the shoulder, displacements of the hip joints are .

rare because of the ligament reinforcement

Which ligament of the knee initiates the knee-jerk reflex when tapped?

the patellar ligament

Football players often sustain lateral blows to the extended knee. Which of the following is (are) damaged as a result?

tibial collateral ligament, medial meniscus, and anterior cruciate ligament

Pointing the toes is an example of .

plantar flexion

Which of the following is a true statement?

The annular ligament surrounds the head of the radius.

Presence of a synovial cavity, articular cartilage, synovial membrane, and ligaments are characteristics of what type of joint?

hinge joint

Extracapsular ligaments stabilizing the knee include .

fibular and tibial collateral ligaments, which prevent lateral or medial rotation

Baseball pitchers often require "Tommy John" surgery to repair damage to their elbow. Which ligament would this surgery target?

ulnar collateral ligament

An example of an interosseous fibrous joint is .

the radius and ulna along its length

Which of the following statements best describes angular movements?

They change (increase or decrease) the angle between two bones.

Saddle joints have concave and convex surfaces. Identify a saddle joint of the skeleton.

carpometacarpal joint of the thumb

Tendon sheaths .

act as friction-reducing structures

Which of the following is NOT strictly a part of a synovial joint?

tendon sheath

All of the following are factors that influence synovial joint stability EXCEPT .

number of bones in the joint

Performing "jumping jacks" requires .

abduction and adduction

Moving your jaw forward, causing an underbite, is called .

protraction

Which of the following conditions is joint inflammation or degeneration accompanied by stiffness, pain, and swelling?

arthritis

Lifting up a glass to take a drink involves the elbow joint. Which of the following correctly characterizes that joint?

diarthrotic

An individual with a "double-jointed" thumb can pull it back towards the wrist much farther than normal. What does it mean to be "double-jointed?"

The joint capsules and ligaments are more stretchy and loose than normal.

The type of joint between the carpal (trapezium) and the first metacarpal is a joint.

saddle

Which joint does NOT belong with the others?

wrist

Which joints are correctly matched?

ankle; hinge

What is the role of tropomyosin in skeletal muscles?

Tropomyosin serves as a contraction inhibitor by blocking the myosin binding sites on the actin molecules.

Which muscle cells have the greatest ability to regenerate?

smooth

Most skeletal muscles contain ___

a mixture of fiber types

The strongest muscle contractions are normally achieved by ___

increasing the stimulation up to the maximal stimulus

Which of the following would be recruited later in muscle stimulation when contractile strength increases?

motor units with larger, less excitable neurons

Which of the following is a factor that affects the velocity and duration of muscle contraction?

load on the fiber

Myoglobin ___

stores oxygen in muscle cells

What structure in skeletal muscle cells functions in calcium storage?

sarcoplasmic reticulum

What does excess postexercise oxygen consumption represent?

the difference between the amount of oxygen needed for totally aerobic muscle activity and the amount actually used

Immediately following the arrival of the stimulus at a skeletal muscle cell there is a short period called the ___ period

latent