History Unit 7

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56 Terms

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the cold war
An ideological conflict between 2 super powers **US & USSR** that dominates global affairs between 1945-1990
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bipolarization of cold war
* Britain politically split down middle between Capitalists and Communists 
* NATO vs. Warsaw Pact
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4 Freedoms Speech
Roosevelt identified 4 freedoms everyone in the world ought to enjoy

* Freedom of speech (positive)
* Freedom of worship (positive)
* Freedom from want (negative)
* Freedom from fear (negative)
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Universal Declaration of Human Rights
* United Nations 
* Roosevelt’s ideas appear in declaration 
* Private property rights (capitalist, first world nations) → *positive freedom* 
* Communist aspects → *negative freedoms*
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Stalin
wanted full control of Eastern Europe to spread communism in reaction to the US threats
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Truman
committed the US to the containment of Soviet expansionism in Europe; established the Truman Doctrine to economically appeal to Europe and prevent communism from spreading
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Tito
* leader of Communist resistance in Yugoslavia
* remained neutral in Cold War
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The Truman Doctrine
* President Truman requested aid for Greece and turkey to prevent expansion of communism   
* Financial aid to countries threatened by communism
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The Marshall Plan
* Economic recovery to rebuild prosperity and stability throughout Europe  
* Prevent appeal to communism and bring in $ from European purchases of American goods
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The Soviet’s perception of the Marshall Plan
* Capitalist imperialism
* Attempt to buy support of small vulnerable European countries → economic exploitation of US 
* Soviets could not counter Marshall Plan except tighten control of Eastern Europe
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containment
against further aggressive Soviet expansion; adroit and vigilant application of counter-force at a series of constantly shifting geographic locations corresponding to Soviet Policy
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Spread of Communism in 1946
communists seized control, all non-communist parties dissolved w Klement Gottwald
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Yugoslavia
* exception of Soviet domination; neutralist nation
* Tito leader 
* Gained support of people to form an independent communist nation with neutralist policy 
* Yugoslav Communists going away from Stalinism and went to decentralized economic/political system -- workers exercise political pwr
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Shanghai Massacre
* 1927: Chinese flee cities to countryside 
* Leads to Civil war b/w Nationalists and CCP
* A new kind of rural/agricultural communism, targeting peasants/farmers
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Communists vs. Nationalists war in China
* Communist victory and Soviet Union gave very little assistance to CCP 
* Truman admin took investigation of further expansion in the region
* Containment of East Asia
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Long March
1935 

* Defining moment for chinese communism 
* Force of 90,000 → 9,000 soldiers 
* Ultimately escape to where they can be isolated in countryside → Mao + supporters come to power 
* By showing the struggle of the Long March, it becomes a badge of honor to legitimize communism in power to Mao and peasants
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New China
china’s communist leaders’ desire of peace lessened by desire to erase humiliation from imperialist powers and restore traditional aspects in Chinese empire
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Taiwan
* China’s attempt to recreate buffer zone in Korea and Taiwan → conflict w foreign pwr
* Tension b/w China & US for Taiwan (taiwan = defense in pacific for US)
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Mao Zedong
Leader of CCP who wanted to consolidate pwr and heal from war
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Mao’s Plans
* Transition to socialism with 5 year plan 
*  increases industrialization and increase food production to meet population overgrowth → *didn’t work out (15 million starved to death)*
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Great Leap Forward
(‘53-’64)

* Collective farms  
* Massive communes which made it worse 
* Mao wants this to be point where China leaps forward, but people question his rule instead
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Cultural Rev in China
(‘66-’67)

* Uses to eliminate rivals 
* Re-energize revolution because people are lazy 
* movement to destroy all vestiges of traditional societies 
* 4 olds: idea, habits, customs, culture
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How can the cultural rev in China be achieved?
* Cult of personality 
* Red guard groups of youth responsible for abuse in rev

Public shaming and violence 
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India
* State defined as a Hindu state → Muslim = minority 
* Formation of Pakistan: Muslims wanted a state 
* Violence between population in religious conflict from Pakistan to India 
* British declared 2 independent states India & Pakistan
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Ali Jinnah
* Leader of Muslim league 
* Demanded creation of separate states for Muslims & Hindus
* Argued that nationalistic ideologies could not feel unified if there are distinct peoples; a nation needs of a homeland because of self-determination
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Nehru (in comparison to Jinnah)
* Leader of INC
* determined to unite the two states to make one unified nation


* Argued that there are so many differences beyond Hindus and Muslims, so there would be no way to stop splitting; Muslims not financially capable; no geographic sense since 2 religions are spread throughout India
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Nehru believed (in comparison to Gandhi)
* Only solution to world’s probs = socialism to end poverty, unemployment
* Changes in political/social structure
* Land & industry focuses
* feudal / autocratic ruling 
* Values views in the middle of British Labor Party & Stalinism
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Gandhi believed
* Independence most important to have full pwr -- each village defending itself 
* Shared community composed of individuals
* Gov should not crush their ppl w law enforcement, but give strength to their ppl
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imperialism coming to an end
* 1946: US granted independence to Philippines 
* 1948: Union of Burma received independence
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french/dutch imperialism
* French/Dutch refused to turn their colonies over to nationalist movements at end of war
* US feared communist victory w Dutch vs. East Indies → pressured Dutch to grand independence to Sukarno and Indonesia granted independence
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new nations in southeast asia govs
* A lot of nations newly granted freedom took after western democratic model
* some failed to root postwar bc independence had not ended economic inequality (lacking tech, edu resources, capital investment)
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Sukarno
* foreign policy president and founding father of Indonesia 
* Wanted to Unite Indonesia
* diverse socio-cultural composition 
* Believed in an anti-colonial nation 
* Founded Non-Alignment Movement (NAM)
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guided democracy
Sukarno aims to improve weak points in overly-free democracy, but really intended to secure his pwr
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The domino theory
US theory similar to containment that if a country falls to communism, then communism will rapidly spread
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Who was the Burma independence movement led by?
Aung Sang
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Myanmar 
Led the military dictatorship of Burma from 1962-2006
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Aung San Suu Kyi
* primary activist against military dictatorship in Burma
* Under her rule: ongoing Rohingya Genocide 
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1940 in Indonesia
Dutch tries to re-establish colonial rule
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1950 in Indonesia 
Sukrano leads fighting and Indonesians win independence
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1955 in Indonesia
Sukrano leads vision of guided democracy, creating unity between divided ethnic groups/ideologies
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Suharto
* Military general of Indonesia who took power from 1965-2000
* Authoritarian, anti-communist rule
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1940 with Vietnam
Independence movement vs. France
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Battle of Dien Bien Phu
Vietnam defeats France
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How is Vietnam split?
* United Nations splits Vietnam 
* Northern zone for Vietnamese rebels 
* Southern zone for Vietnam (France)
* Free electron to bring 2 zones together and US wants it (domino theory)
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Ngo Dinh Diem
* dictator US installs 
* Refuses to hold elections to crush communism 
* US repressive regime 
* Expands Vietnam war
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Dec of Vietnam 
* Argues that Vietnam deserves independence for nationalism and right to sovereignty 
* Audience to US by using language of US Dec 
* Present list of complaints and show that Vietnam values US principles and wishes for their support
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CCP
wanted a socialist society, but realized that its supporters were focused more on land, social justice, peace, and honest government → new democracy
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red guards
consisted of discontented youth + workers mobilized by Mao to sanitize China from capitalist elements
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Bangladesh
Independence declared for East Pakistan (riots against government, India intervened on their side)
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Greek Civil War
* possible confrontation between. Soviets + British, gave opportunity for Truman administration to take a stand
* Communist-led forces (supported by Tito) v.s. pro-West governments
* Great Britain withdrew from Greece (post-war economic problems)
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George Kennan
* US Diplomat experienced in Soviet affairs
* Believes Russia = insecure, feels behind
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Chiang Kai-Shek
* nationalist + anti-communist, would provide economic and political support for Soviet Russia in China
* Lost lots of support to Mao, fled to Taiwan with his government
* In Taiwan: Republic of China
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Clement Atlee
new prime minister of Britain, part of Labour party

Announced that power would be transferred to "responsible Indian hands" by 1948 June
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partition
* Formation of Pakistan (for Muslims) to avoid oppression (minority)
* migrations between countries, Pakistan and India were defined as their religions
* people wanted to avoid being a minority → deaths (religious conflicts + chaos)
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President Ferdinand Marcos
discarded democratic system in Philippines and established centralized control
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People’s liberation army
grows by promises of land + social justice and governments failure to solve economic problems