A&P Lab 1 ANATOMICAL TERM./MICROSCOPY LOB

Standard Body Position

Erect, head level, eyes forward. feet flat on the floor, arms at sides, palms forward

Superior / Cranial / Cephalic

Above; towards the head or upper part of a structure

Inferior / Caudal

Below; away from the head or lower part of a structure

Anterior / Ventral

Front; nearer to or at the front of the body

Posterior / Dorsal

Back; Nearer to or at the back of the body

Medial

Nearer to the midline

Lateral

Farther from the midline

Proximal

nearer to; if a limb, nearer to the point of attachment

Distal

Farther from; if a limb, farther from the point of attachment

Superficial / External

toward or on the surface of the body

Deep / Internal

Away from the surface of the body

Ipsilateral

on the same side of the body as another structure

Contralateral

on the opposite side of the body from another structure

Planes

imaginary flat surfaces that pass through body parts

Sagittal Plane

vertical, divides the body into right and left

mid-sagittal plane / median sagittal plane

sagittal plane directly down the midline (equal parts)

parasagittal plane

sagittal plane offset from the midline (unequal parts)

frontal plane / coronal plane

vertical, divides body into anterior and posterior portions

transverse plane / cross section / horizontal plane

horizontal, divides the body into superior and inferior portions

oblique plane

passes through the body on an angle between the transverse plane and either a sagittal or frontal plane (diagnal, usually used for arms and legs)

body cavities

spaces within the body that house, protect and separate internal organs

cranial cavity

encases the brain

vertebral / spinal cavity

runs within the bony vertebral column, encloses the spinal cord. it is continuous with the cranial cavity

thoracic cavity

formed by the ribs, muscles of the chest, the breastbone and chest portion of the spine. Houses the heart and lungs (plus esophagus, trachea, etc.) separated from the abdominopelvic cavity by the diaphragm

Pericardial Cavity (Thoracic Cavity)

surrounds the heart

2 pleural cavities (thoracic cavity)

surround each lung

Mediastinum (thoracic cavity)

Cavity between the lungs that contains all thoracic organs except the lungs themselves (heart, esophagus, trachea, thymus and several large blood vessels)

Abdominopelvic Cavity

extends from the diaphragm to the groin and is encircled by the abdominal wall and bones and muscles of the pelvis. Two cavities, abdominal and pelvic are NOT separated by a membrane or wall. Abdominal cavity contains: most of the large intestine, small intestine, stomach, liver, spleen, and gallbladder. Pelvic cavity contains: portions of large intestine, urinary bladder and the internal reproductive organs.

Retroperitoneal

certain organs are external to the lining of the abdominal portion of the abdominal cavity. two of these organs are the kidneys and pancreas

integumentary system components

hair, skin, and nails

integumentary system function

makes the external body covering, protects deeper tissue from injury, synthesizes vitamin D, and houses cutaneous (pain, pressure, etc.) receptors, and sweat and oil glands

skeletal system components

joints and bones

skeletal system function

protects and supports body organs and provides a framework muscles use to cause movement. Forms blood cells and stores minerals 1

muscular system components

skeletal muscles

muscular system function

allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression. maintaining posture and produces heat

Nervous system components

brain, spinal cord, nerves

Nervous system function

as the fast-acting control system of the body, it responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands

endocrine system components

pineal gland, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, thymus, adrenal gland, pancreas, ovary, testis

endocrine system function

glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells

lymphatic system / immunity components

lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, red bone marrow, thymus, thoracic duct, spleen

lymphatic system / immunity function