FHS Final Review

Dentistry

Branch of healthcare involved with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of conditions involving the teeth, jaw, and mouth. Practitioner is a dentist.

gastroenterology

branch of medicine involved in diagnosis and treatment of diseases and disorders of the digestive system. Physician is a gastroenterologist.

Oral surgery

Branch of dentistry that uses surgical means to treat dental conditions. Specialist is called an oral surgeon.

Orthodontics

branch of dentistry concerned with correction of problems with tooth alignment. Specialist is an orthodontist.

Proctology

Branch of medicine involved in diagnosis and treatment of diseases and disorders of the anus and rectum. Specialist is called proctologist.

Anorexia

general term meaning loss of appetite that may accompany other conditions.

Aphagia

being unable to swallow or eat

Ascites

Collection or accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity

Bradypepsia

Having a slow digestive system.

Cholecystalgia

Having gallbladder pain.

Constipation

Experiencing difficulty in defecation or infrequent defecation.

Diarrhea

Passing of frequent, watery, or bloody bowel movements.

Dyspepsia

"upset stomach," indigestion

Dyshagia

Having difficulty swallowing or eating.

Emesis

Vomiting

Hematemesis

Vomiting blood

Hematochezia

Passing bright red blood in the stool.

Hyperemesis

Excessive vomiting

an/o

anus

Nausea

Urge to vomit

Obesity

Body weight that is above a healthy level. A person whose weight interferes with normal activity and body function has morbid obesity.

Polyphagia

Excessive eating; eating too much.

Jaundice

Yellow cast to the skin, mucous membranes, and the whites of the eyes caused by the deposit of the bile pigment form too much bilirubin in the blood. Bilirubin is a waste product produced when worn-out red blood cells are broken down.

Postprandial

After a meal

Cleft lip

Congenital anomaly in which the upper lip and jaw bone fail to fuse in the midline, leaving an open gap. Often seen along with a cleft palate. Corrected with surgery.

Regurgitation

Return of fluids and solids from the stomach into the mouth.

Dental caries

Gradual decay and disintegration of teeth caused by bacteria; may lead to abscessed teeth. Commonly called a tooth cavity.

gingivitis

Inflammation of the gums

Cleft palate

Congenital anomaly in which the roof of the mouth has a split or fissure. Corrected with surgery.

Esophageal varices

Enlarged and swollen varicose veins in the lower end of the esophagus. If these rupture, serious hemorrhage results; often related to liver disease.

Gastroesophageal reflux

disease (GERD)

Acid from the stomach flows backward up into the esophagus causing inflammation and pain.

Periodontal disease

Disease of the supporting structures of the teeth, including the gums and bones; the most common cause of tooth loss.

gastritis

Stomach inflammation

gastroenteritis

inflammation of the stomach and small intestines

Hiatal hernia

Protrusion of the stomach through the diaphragm into the thoracic cavity, gastroesophangeal reflux disease is a common symptom.

Gastric carcinoma

cancerous tumor in the stomach

Appendicitis

Inflammation of the appendix; may require an appendectomy.

Peptic ulcer disease (PUD)

Ulcer occurring in the lower portion of the esophagus, stomach, and/or duodenum; thought to be caused by the acid of gastric juices. Initial damage to the protective lining of the stomach may be caused by a Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) bacterial infection. If the ulcer extends all the way through the wall of the stomach, it is called a perforated ulcer, which requires immediate surgery to repair.

Colorectal carcinoma

Cancerous tumor originating in the colon or rectum.

Diverticulitis

Inflammation of a diverticulum (an outpouching off the gut), especially in the colon. Inflammation often results when food becomes trapped within the pouch.

Diverticulosis

Condition of having diverticula (outpouches off the gut). May lead to diverticulitis if one becomes inflamed.

Bowel incontinence

Inability to control defecation.

Hemorrhoids

Varicose veins in the rectum and anus.

Ulcerative colitis

Chronic inflammatory condition resulting in numerous ulcers formed on the mucous membrane lining of the colon; the cause is unknown. Also known as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).

Cholecystitis

Inflammation of the gallbladder; most commonly caused by gallstones in the gallbladder or common bile duct that block the flow of bile.

Inguinal hernia

Hernia or protrusion of a loop of small intestines into the inguinal (groin) region through a weak spot in the abdominal muscle wall that develops into a hole. May become incarcerated or strangulated if the muscle tightens down around the loop of intestines and cuts off its blood flow.

Cirrhosis

Chronic disease of the liver associated with failure of the liver to function properly.

Cholelithiasis

Presence of gallstones; may or may not cause symptoms such as cholecystalgia.

Pancreatitis

Inflammation of the pancreas.

Alanine transaminase (ALT)

Enzyme normally present in the blood. Blood levels are increased in persons with liver disease.

Hepatitis

Inflammation of the liver, usually due to a viral infection. Different viruses are transmitted by different routes, such as sexual contact or from exposure to blood or fecally contaminated water or food.

Fecal occult blood test (FOBT)

Laboratory test on the feces to determine if microscopic amounts of blood are present. Also called hemoccult or stool guaiac.

Aspartate transaminase (AST)

Enzyme normally present in the blood. Blood levels are increased in persons with liver disease.

Stool culture

Laboratory test of feces to determine if any pathogenic bacteria are present.

Serum bilirubin

Blood test to determine the amount of the waste product bilirubin in the bloodstream. Elevated levels indicate liver disease.

Lower gastrointestinal series (lower GI series)

X-ray of colon and rectum is taken after the administration of barium (Ba), a radiopaque dye, by enema. Also called a barium enema (BE)

Bite wing

X-ray taken with a part of the film holder held between the teeth and parallel to the teeth.

colonoscopy

Flexible fiberscope called a colonoscope is passed through the anus, rectum, and colon; used to examine the upper portion of the colon. Polyps and small growths can be removed during this procedure.

Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD)

Use of a flexible fiberoptic endoscope to visually examine the esophagus, stomach, and beginning of the duodenum.

Gastroscopy

Procedure in which a flexible gastroscope is passed through the mouth and down the esophagus in order to visualize examined for tumors and other conditions with this lighted instrument. Also called peritoneoscopy.

Laparoscopy

Laparoscope is passed into the abdominal wall through a small incision. The abdominal cavity is then visually examined for tumors and other conditions with this lighted instrument. Also called peritoneoscopy.

Upper gastrointestinal series (upper GI series)

Patient is administered a barium (Ba) contrast material orally and then X-rays are taken to visualize the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum. Also called a barium swallow.

Denture

Partial or complete set of artificial teeth that are set in plastic materials. Acts as a substitute for the natural teeth and related structures.

Sigmoidoscopy

Procedure using a flexible sigmoidoscope to visually examine the sigmoid colon. Commonly done to diagnose cancer and polyps.

Implant

Prosthetic device placed in the jaw to which a tooth or denture may be anchored

Extraction

Removing or "pulling" of teeth

Nasogastric intubation (NG tube)

Procedure in which a flexible catheter is inserted into the nose and down the esophagus to the stomach. May be used for feeding or to suction out stomach fluids.

Lavage

Use of a nasogastric (NG) tube to wash out the stomach, for example, after ingestion of dangerous substances.

Anastomosis

To surgically create a connection between two organs or vessels. For example, joining together two cut ends of the intestines after a section is removed.

Total parenteral nutrition (TPN)

Providing 100% of a patient's nutrition intravenously. Used when a patient is unable to eat.

Cholecystectomy

Surgical removal of the gallbladder.

Appendectomy

Surgical removal of the appendix.

Anorexiant

treats obesity by suppressing appetite (phendimetrazine, Adipost, Obezine; phentermine, Zantryl, Adipex)

Colostomy

Surgical creation of some portion of the colon through the abdominal wall to the outside surface.

Antidiarrheal

Used to control diarrhea.

Antacid

Used to neutralize stomach acids

Antivirals

Treat herpes simplex infection.

H2 receptor antagonist

Used to treat peptic ulcers and gastroesophageal reflux disease. When stimulated, H2-receptors increase the production of stomach acid. Using an antagonist to block these receptors results in a low acid level in the stomach

Laxative

Treats constipation by stimulating a bowel movement

Antiemetic

Treats nausea, vomiting, and motion sickness.

append/o

appendix

bar/o

weight

bucc/o

cheek

carcin/o

cancer

cec/o

cecum

chol/e

bile

cholangi/o

bile duct

cholecyst/o

gallbladder

choledoch/o

common bile duct

cirrh/o

yellow

col/o

colon

colon/o

colon

cutane/o

skin

cyst/o

sac

dent/o

tooth

diverticul/o

pouch

duoden/o

duodenum

enter/o

small intestine

esophag/o

esophagus