Chapter 30

A comprehensive vocabulary review of plant evolution, classification, and life cycles based on the lecture material.

Domain

The largest classification group in the hierarchy of biological organization mentioned in the lecture.

Super groups

Classification levels that domains are divided into, which are then further divided into kingdoms.

Kingdom

A biological classification group that is broken down into smaller groups known as phylones.

Phylones

The $10$ official classification groupings into which the plant kingdom is divided according to the textbook.

Mosses

The species used to represent the most primitive plants and the nonvascular group in evolutionary plant studies.

Alternation of generations

The life cycle pattern described where plants alternate between gametophyte and sporophyte stages.

Gametophyte

The most noticeable, long-lived individual in the life cycle of primitive plants that is responsible for producing gametes.

Sporophyte

A short-lived, nondistinct individual in the life cycle of primitive plants that produces spores and grows out of the gametophyte.

Spores

Haploid single cells from which gametophyte individuals develop.

Archegonium

The female reproductive structure where an egg is located and fertilization occurs in plants like mosses.

Antheridium

The male reproductive structure where sperm is produced in the life cycle of primitive plants.

Zygote

The first diploid cell of the next individual in a plant life cycle, formed by the fusion of sperm and egg.

Rhizoids

Filament-like structures at the bottom of primitive plants that anchor them to the ground but lack vascular tissues.

Thallus

A term translated from Latin as leaf, used to describe leaf-like structures that do not technically contain vascular tissues.

Seta

The stalk-like section that makes up part of the sporophyte individual in mosses.

Sporangia

Spore-producing structures found at the top of sporophyte branches or on the underside of certain leaves.

Capsid

The protective covering located over the sporangia in moss plants.

Hepatophyta

The phylum to which liverworts belong, characterized by leaf-like structures with wavy edges.

Lobe

The term for a single wavy-edged leaf-like structure or blade found in a liverwort individual.

Horn warts

Primitive plants where the sporophyte is a spore-producing surface that sticks up from the leaf-like gametophyte.

Vascular tissues

Tissues that carry fluids and provide support, allowing plants to grow taller and survive in drier environments.

Rhome

A main stem that grows sideways along the soil, serving as an anchor from which roots and upward-growing stems emerge.

Lycophyta

One of the $2$ phylones of seedless vascular plants, known for having microfills.

Manila phita

One of the $2$ phylones of seedless vascular plants as categorized by the textbook, which includes traditional ferns.

Lignin

A material incorporated into cell walls to stiffen them, providing support for both the plant structure and vascular tissues.

Microfills

Tiny leaves in size relative to the stem that contain only a single bit of vascular tissue.

Megaphil

A type of leaf, such as a fern frond, that contains multiple vascular tissues or veins to capture more light.

Fronds

A common name for the large megaphyll leaves found on ferns.

Sori

Clusters of sporangia found on the underside of a fern leaf

Sporophyll

Any leaf that has sporangia on it, derived from the terms for spore and leaf.

Monoecious

A botanical term meaning one house, referring to a single individual that possesses both archegonia and antheridia.

Carboniferous period

A period in Earth's history characterized by vast forests that produced massive amounts of organic material.

Fossil fuels

Carbon-based fuels like coal and oil that formed from the remains of ancient forests during the Carboniferous period.

Pollen

Structures that carry male gametes and protect them against harsh environments, replacing the need for swimming sperm in advanced plants.

Seed

An environmentally tough package containing a developing embryo, food resources, and a protective coat.

Gymnosperm

A group of plants whose name translates to naked seed because their ovules sit exposed on leaf-like structures within cones.

Homosporous

A term for primitive plants like mosses and ferns where the produced spores are essentially identical.

Heterosephorus

A term for advanced plants that produce distinct types of reproductive structures, specifically ovules and pollen.

Ovules

Complex female structures containing an egg and support tissues that eventually become seeds if fertilized.

Microsporangium

The tissue or area where microsporocytes are located to produce microspores through meiosis.

Megasporangium

Tissues where meiosis occurs to produce megaspores leading to the development of an ovule.

Microsporocytes

Cells in the microsporangium that undergo meiosis to produce haploid microspores.

Microspores

Haploid cells that produce microgametophytes, which are the pollen grains in advanced plants.

Megaspores

Haploid cells that produce the female gametophyte tissues found within an ovule.

Micropyle

The small gap in the protective covering around an ovule where a pollen grain lands during pollination.

Pollination

The event where a pollen grain reaches the micropyle of an ovule, separate from the act of fertilization.

Fertilization

The fusion of a haploid nucleus from a pollen tube with an egg to produce a zygote.

Cycads

Gymnosperms that resemble palm trees, are use as landscape plants, and produce reproductive cones.

Ginkgo biloba

A tree-like gymnosperm species once thought to be extinct that is currently represented by only $1$ species in its phylum.

Ephedra

A shrubby like plant found in the Southwest, which is a member of the gnetophyte or genophyte grouping of gymnosperms.