Bio 1020 Exam 3 Units 9-12 Mizzou

annelida

phylum that includes segmented worms (e.g., earthworms and leeches)

anthophyta

phylum that includes seed plants that form flowers

arthropoda

phylum that includes animals with jointed appendages and an exoskeletion

autotrophic

able to manufacture organic molecules from inorganic materials

bacilli

rod-shaped bacterial cells

bilateral symmetry

arrangement of body parts where only one cut or slice through the long axis of the organism will produce right and left sides

bryophyta

phylum that includes non-vascular plants (e.g., mosses)

chordata

phylum that includes animals with a notochord, dorsal nerve cord, and pharyngeal gill slits

calssification

process of sorting objects into categories for purposes of identification

cnidaria

phylum that includes animals with specialized stinging cells used to capture food (hydra, jellyfish, and coral)

cocci

spherical bacterial cells

coelom

internal body cavity in certain animal phyla

cone

reproductive organ in conifers, consisting of specialized leaves that bear reproductive structures

coniferophyta

phylum that includes seeds plants that form cones

echinodermata

phylum that includes marine animals with 5-fold symmetry

eukaryote

cell that has membrane-bound organelles (e.g., nucleus and mitochondria)

exoskeleton

rigid outer covering of certain animals (e.g., arthropods and many mollusks)

flow chart

graphic representation of a classification procedure

five-fold symmetry

a special form of radial symmetry found in echinoderms

flower

reproductive organ of anthophytes, consisting of specialized leaves for protection, pollinator attraction, and gamete production

fungi

kingdom that includes multi cellular eukaryotes that obtain organic molecules by absorption across the body surface

heterotrophic

unable to manufacture organic molecules from inorganic materials; must obtain organic molecules by absorption or ingestion

hypha

elongated, cylindrical cell type found in fungi

kingdom

highest category in the hierarchy of biological classification

mantle

tissue that secretes the shell in molluscs

mollusca

phylum that includes soft-bodied animals with a mantle

monera

kingdom that includes all prokaryotic organisms (e.g., bacteria and blue-green algae)

multicellular

condition of an organism composed of several, independent cells

mycelium

mass of thread-like hyphae; forms body of a fungus

notochord

rod-shaped structures that provide support in all chordates

phylum

taxonomic category that recognizes the major types of animals and plants

platyhelminthes

phylum that includes flatworms (e.g., tapeworms and planaria)

porifera

phylum that includes sponges

prokaryote

cell that lacks membrane-bound organelles, though it does include organelles such as ribosomes

protista

kingdom that includes mostly unicellular eukaryotes

pterophyta

phylum that includes the seedless vascular plants

radial symmetry

arrangement of body parts where any cut or slice through the long axis of the organism will produce mirror images

seed

structure containing embryo and food source for developing plant

species

fundamental unit of biological classification

spirilla

spiral-shaped bacterial cells

spore

reproductive cell, capable of producing new individual by itself

sporangium

spore-bearing structure found in various fungi

taxonomy

branch of biology dealing with the names of organisms and their classification

vascular tissue

specialized cells that provide structural support and internal transport in certain plants

age class

a group of individuals of similar age within a population

age structure

numbers or percentages of individuals in each age class of a population

biotic potential

the maximum rate of increase of a population under ideal conditions; an exponential growth curve that includes death rates

carrying capacity

the maximum number of individuals of a population that a given area or habitat can support over time

exponential growth

growth that increases as a function of the size of the population (i.e., the larger the population, the greater the increase)

fecundity

reproductive output of an individual

life table

a complete listing of the survivorship and fecundity of a population by age class

limiting factor

a specific environmental factor that prevents a population from achieving its biotic potential

logistic growth

growth that follows a sigmoid (S-shaped) curve in which growth is slow initially, then rapid until the carrying capacity is approached, and finally slow again as the population reaches its carrying capacity

mortality

death rate in a population, typically expressed as the percentage of individuals in a population that die in a given time interval

net reproductive rate

expected number of individuals of the same species in the same place at the same time

population

a group of individuals of the same species in the same place at the same time

post-reproductives

the age class that includes individuals that are no longer reproducing

pre-reproductives

the age class that includes individuals that have not yet achieved sexual maturity

reproductives

the age class that includes sexually-mature individuals that are reproducing

survivorship curve

a graph of the number of surviving individuals in a population as a function of age

abiotic

pertaining to the non-living components of an environment (e.g., light, temperature, nutrients)

biomass

mass of organisms; standing crop

biotic

pertaining to the organisms in an environment

community

interacting populations of different species that occur in the same habitat

competition

an interaction between two organisms that simultaneously require the same resource

decomposer

organisms that obtain their energy and nutrients by consuming dead organisms

ecological pyramids

numbers of biomass are represented in a pyramid, with the producer level forming the base and successive levels of consumers above it

ecosystem

the organisms and non-living components of the physical environment at a particular site

food web

a graphic representation of the interconnected feeding relationships among organisms in a community

habitat

the physical space occupied by an organism

niche

the ecological role of a species in an environment (characterized by both biotic and abiotic elements)

predation

an interaction between organisms in which one organism (prey) is consumed by the other (predator)

predator

an organism that kills other organism for food

prey

an organism that is killed for food by another organism

primary consumer

organisms that feed on producers; herbivores

producer

autotrophs; primarily photosynthetic organisms that synthesize organic substance from inorganic materials

secondary consumer

organisms that eat other consumers' carnivores

tertiary consumer

organisms that feed on secondary consumers; top carnivores

trophic level

position in the food chain

trophic structure

the organization of a community based on the feeding relationships of the component populations

evolution

a change in organisms over time

founder effect

a type of genetic drift that occurs when only a small number of individuals from a population are present at the establishment ("founding") of a new population

gene frequency

the percentage of one allele out of all alleles for that particular gene in a population

gene flow

exchange of genes by migration between populations

genetic drift

random changes in gene frequency due to sampling error

genetic equilibrium

the condition in which all assumptions of the Hardy-Weinberg Law are met and gene frequencies do not change over time

Hard-Weinberg Law

gene frequencies do not change over time as a consequence of genetic recombination during sexual reproduction

natural selection

non-random and differential survival of individuals in a population due to favorable conditions in the survivors

population bottleneck

a type of genetic drift in which population size is sharply reduced due to some catastrophic event

staph

cluster of bacteria

strept

line of bacteria