Head and Neck 1 Flashcards
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318 Terms
What are the 4 major divisions of the brain?
Cerebrum; diencephalon; brainstem; cerebellum.
What structures are included under the cerebrum in this lecture?
Left/right cerebral hemispheres, gyri, sulci, fissures, corpus callosum, and basal nuclei (basal ganglia).
What structures are included under the diencephalon?
Thalamus, hypothalamus and pituitary, subthalamus, and epithalamus.
What are the 3 parts of the brainstem?
Midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata.
What protects the brain?
Skull bones, meninges, CSF, and the blood-brain barrier.
What are the meninges and how do they protect the brain?
3 thin layers that cover brain from bacteria and harmful things that are within the body
How does CSF (Cerebral Spinal Fluid) protect the brain and where is it produced?
It is a shock absorber, allows us to not feel the weight of the brain; it is produced in the ventricals.
How does the Blood Barrier protect the brain?
It is selective of what from blood can actually go into the brain
Why is the brain considered metabolically expensive?
It has a very high metabolic demand and is the most metabolically expensive tissue per kg.
What is the cerebrum?
The largest part of the brain; it makes up about 80% of brain mass.
What are major functions of the cerebrum?
Conscious thought, memory, intellectual function/reasoning, and conscious and subconscious movement of skeletal muscle.
What is the cerebral cortex?
The surface of the cerebrum.
What is a gyrus (gyri plural)?
A ridge of the cerebral cortex; it is gray matter.
What is a sulcus (sulci plural)?
A shallow depression of the cerebral cortex; it is also gray matter.
What is a fissure?
A deeper depression in the brain.
What is gray matter made of?
Neuronal cell bodies, dendrites, and unmyelinated axons.
Where is gray matter found in the brain?
On the periphery, forming the cortex; about 2–4 mm thick.
What is white matter made of?
Myelinated axons of neurons.
Where is white matter located in the cerebrum?
Deep to gray matter and makes up most of the brain's mass.
What separates the left and right cerebral hemispheres?
The longitudinal fissure.
What connects the left and right cerebral hemispheres?
The corpus callosum.
What type of fibers make up the corpus callosum?
Commissural fibers that cross from one hemisphere to the other.
What does the corpus callosum permit?
Sharing of learning and memory between the hemispheres.
What separates the cerebral hemispheres from the cerebellum?
The transverse fissure.
What are the major cerebral lobes
Frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal lobes.
(Freud Tore His Pants Off)
What does the central sulcus separate?
The frontal lobe from the parietal lobe.
What does the lateral sulcus separate?
The temporal lobe from the parietal and frontal lobes.
What does the parieto-occipital sulcus separate?
The occipital lobe from the rest of the brain.
What is the precentral gyrus?
The primary motor region, located in the frontal lobe anterior to the central sulcus.
What is the postcentral gyrus?
The primary somatosensory region, located in the parietal lobe posterior to the central sulcus.
What sensations are represented in the primary somatosensory region?
Touch, temperature, pain, and pressure anywhere in the body.
Which lobe is the biggest?
Frontal lobe.
What are major functions associated with the frontal lobe?
Personality, thinking/reasoning, voluntary motor activity, and Broca's speech motor area (most often on the left).
Where is voluntary motor activity represented?
The primary motor region in the precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe.
What is Broca's area associated with?
Speech motor function; it is most often on the left side.
What is the major sensory function of the parietal lobe?
Primary sensory interpretation, including touch, temperature, pain, and pressure.
What is the major function of the occipital lobe?
Visual cortex; interprets visual stimuli.
What are major sensory functions of the temporal lobe?
Primary auditory and olfactory cortex; also stores these sensations.
What is a nucleus in neuroanatomy?
A collection of nerve cell bodies.
Where are the basal nuclei located?
Deep in the white matter of the cerebrum.
What are the basal nuclei/basal ganglia?
5 Specialized paired masses of gray matter that work with the cerebral cortex to fine-tune voluntary movement and suppress unwanted movements. (one pair is in either hemisphere)
What are the 3 main basal nuclei identified in the lecture?
Caudate nucleus, putamen, and globus pallidus.
Which two additional structures are included in the broader basal nuclei group but belong elsewhere?
Subthalamic nuclei (diencephalon) and substantia nigra (midbrain).
What is another name for the basal nuclei?
Basal ganglia.
What is the striatum?
A structure associated closely with the basal nuclei; the caudate nucleus and putamen are the components of the striatal system.
Where is the caudate nucleus located?
Along the wall of the lateral ventricle.
What are the three parts of the caudate nucleus?
Head, body, and tail.
Where does the tail of the caudate nucleus end?
Near the amygdaloid body.
What functions are associated with the amygdaloid body in this lecture?
Processing emotions and memories, including anxiety, fear, and rage.
Where is the internal capsule located relative to the basal nuclei?
Between the caudate nucleus and the putamen/globus pallidus masses.
What is the internal capsule?
White matter containing neuronal tracts/projection fibers that pass through the basal nuclei region.
What do descending fibers in the internal capsule carry?
Motor tracts from the cerebral cortex through the midbrain to the spinal cord then the body..
What do ascending fibers in the internal capsule carry?
Sensory tracts from the body to the spinal cord through the midbrain to the cerebral cortex.
Where is the putamen relative to the globus pallidus?
Putamen is lateral/superficial; globus pallidus is medial/deep.
What are major functions of the basal ganglia?
Subconscious fine-tuning of voluntary skeletal muscle movement, coordination of learned movement patterns, and inhibition of unnecessary movements.
What is the basal ganglia movement pathway given in the lecture?
Cortex → striatum → globus pallidus → thalamus → cortex; then pathways through the midbrain to the spinal cord and muscles.
What is the purpose of the basal ganglia pathway?
A consulting loop that helps improve and coordinate movement of skeletal muscles.
Where is the substantia nigra?
Near/in the midbrain.
What neurotransmitters does the substantia nigra produce according to the lecture?
Dopamine and GABA.
What does the substantia nigra influence?
Movement control, cognitive executive functioning, and emotions.
What is the pars compacta of the substantia nigra associated with?
Reward learning, movement initiation, and fine motor control.
What is the major neurotransmitter from the substantia nigra pars compacta?
Dopamine; its neurons contain neuromelanin, making the region appear black.
What is the pars reticulata associated with?
Eye movements and cognitive functions.
What is the major neurotransmitter of the pars reticulata?
GABA, an inhibitory neurotransmitter.
What is the nigro-striatal pathway?
The pathway involving substantia nigra pars compacta that regulates the speed, direction, and force of movement.
What are the two movement disorders associated with problems in the Basal Nuclei?
Huntington's disease and Parkinson's disease.
What is Huntington's disease?
An inherited progressive neurodegenerative disease particularly affecting the striatum.
What cognitive/behavioral changes can occur in Huntington's disease?
Memory lapses, difficulty concentrating, depression, mood swings, and speech changes.
What structural change is associated with Huntington's disease in the lecture?
Dilation of the ventricles due to striatal degeneration.
What is the major cause of death mentioned for Huntington's disease?
Aspiration pneumonia or complications from falls.
What is Parkinson's disease?
A progressive disorder involving degeneration of dopamine-producing cells in the substantia nigra.
Which part of the substantia nigra degenerates in Parkinson's disease?
Dopamine-producing cells of the substantia nigra, particularly the pars compacta.
How are sensory systems organized in the thalamus?
Each sensory system is relayed through a particular thalamic nucleus/tubercle.