Biology 30: Nervous and Endocrine System Quiz 3

gland

secrete hormones into bloodstream

hormone

chemical messengers which bind receptors and cause a cellular response

receptor

specific to hormone, found on target cells

pituitary gland

\-master gland

\-secretes tropic hormones that stimulate the release of other hormones

GOAT FLAP

\-pituitary gland abbreviation

\-Human (G)rowth Hormone, (O)xytocin, (A)DH, (T)SH, (F)SH, (L)H, (A)CTH, (P)rolactin

hypothalamus

\-releasing hormones

target: pituitary gland

effect: stimulates pituitary gland to release other hormones

human growth hormone

target: bones and growth plates in tissues and organs

effect: stimulates growth

hyper: gigantism

hypo: dwarfism

oxytocin

target: uteris gland (labor) and mammary glands (milk release)

effect: cause muscle contractions

hyper: pre-term labor

hypo: delayed labor

ADH (antidiuretic hormone)

target: kidneys

effect: increased reabsorption of water in nephron

hyper: concentrated urine

hypo: dilute urine

TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone)

\-tropic

target: thyroid

effect: stimulates thyroid to release thyroxine

hyper: too much thyroxine

hypo: too little thyroxine

FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone)

target: females → ovaries, males → seminiferous tubules in testes

effect: females → stimulates follicle development, males → stimulates sperm development

hyper: too many follicles develop

hypo: fertility issues

LH (lutenizing hormone)

target: females → ovaries, males → testes

effect: females → stimulates ovulation, males → testosterone

hyper: early ovulation

hypo: no ovulation, low testosterone

ACTH (adrenocorticotropic)

target: adrenal gland

effect: stimulates adrenal cortex to release cortis

hyper: overstimulation of adrenal cortex

hypo: understimulation of adrenal cortex

prolactin

target: mammary glands

effect: milk production

hyper: too much milk

hypo: not enough milk

thyroxine

\-part of thyroid

target: body cells

effect: increase in metabolism in cells

hyper: weight loss, high heart rate, feeling hot/sweaty, anxiety

hypo: weight gain, sensitive to cold, low energy, feel depressed

thyroid negative feedback loop

hypothalamus → pituitary -(TSH)→ thyroid → thyroxine

\-too much thyroxine turns hypothalamus off

calcitonin

\-part of thyroid

target: bones

effect: decreases blood calcium levels, it moves calcium from blood to bones

hyper: low blood calcium (issues with blood clotting)

hypo: high blood calcium (weak bones)

blood calcium equilibrium

Calcitonin and PTH are antagonistic hormones because they work \n against each other; calcitonin lowers blood calcium in the blood and PTH \n raises it

parathyroid hormone

target: bones and blood

effect: increased blood calcium levels and moves calcium from bones to blood

hyper: high blood calcium

hypo: low blood calcium

alpha cells

secrete glucagon

beta cells

secrete insulin

blood glucose equilibrium

insulin and glucagon are antagonistic hormones, together they maintain blood glucose equilibrium

insulin

target: body cells

effect: decreased blood glucose levels in two ways:

\-uptake of glucose into body cells

\-stimulates conversion of glucose → glycogen in liver (strange form of glucose)

hyper: low blood glucose

hypo: diabetes mellitus

glucagon

target: liver

effect: increased blood glucose levels by stimulating conversion of glycogen of liver back to glucose

hyper: high blood glucose

hypo: low blood glucose

adrenal gland

made up of adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla

adrenal medulla

connected to a neuron which is connected to sympathetic nervous system (fast response)

epinephrine

\-part of adrenal medulla

target: body cells

effect: fight or flight response

hyper: rapid pulse, anxiety

hypo: inability to respond to stress

adrenal cortex

connected to parasympathetic nervous system (long term stress response)

cortisol

\-part of adrenal cortex

target: body cells

effect: increased amino acids, decreased inflammation which suppresses immune system

hyper: illness

hypo: inability to deal with stress

aldosterone

\-part of adrenal cortex

target: nephron in kidneys

effect: increased reabsorption of sodium and water in nephron

hyper: high blood pressure

hypo: low blood pressure

adrenal gland negative feedback loop

hypothalamus → pituitary -(ACTH)→ adrenal cortex → cortisol and aldosterone

\-too much cortisol and aldosterone turn off hypothalamus

ADH and aldosterone difference

\-ADH absorbs water

\-Aldosterone absorbs water and sodium