Anatomy exam 1

microscopic anatomy

Structures too small to see with eyes, includes cytology (cells) and histology (tissues)

Gross anatomy

structures seen with naked eye, has subdisciplines

Comparative anatomy

similarities and differences across species. EX: human vs monkey

Developmental anatomy

structural changes from conception through maturity

embryology

developmental changes occurring prior to birth. EX: conception through birth

Regional anatomy

study of all structures in that single region. EX: upper limbs, trunk, lower limbs

surface anatomy

superficial and internal surfaces as they relate to their location on the body surface. Directly can touch without cutting open.

Systemic anatomy

studies structures involved with a specific body activity. EX: nervous system

Increasing complexity of anatomy

chemical (atoms and molecules), cellular (cells), tissue, organ level, organ system level, organismal level

Integummentary system

provides protection, regulates body temp, site of cutaneous receptors, synthesizes vitamin D, prevents water loss

Skeletal system

Provides support and protection, site of hemopoiesis (blood cell production), stores calcium and phosphorus, provides sites for muscle attatchments

muscular system

provides body movement, generates heat when muscles contract

Nervous system

A regulatory system that controls body movement, responds to any sensory stimuli, and helps control all other systems of the body. Also responsible for conciousness, intelligence, and memory.

Endocrine system

Consists of glands and cell clusters that secrete hormones, some of which regulate body and cellular growth, chemical levels in the body, and reproductive functions

cardiovascular system

Consists of the heart (a pump), blood, and blood vessels; the heart moves blood through blood vessels to distribute hormones, nutrients, and gases, and pick up wase products

Respiratory system

Responsible for exchange of gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) between blood and the air in the lungs

Digestive system

Mechanically and chemically digests food materials, absorbs nutrients, and expels waste products.

Urinary system

Filters the blood and removes waste products from the blood, concentrates waste products in the form of urine, and expels urine from the body.

axial region

vertical axis, head, neck, trunk

appendicular region

upper and lower limbs

Cephalic region

head

otic region

ear

frontal region

forehead

occipital region

back of head

oral region

mouth

buccal region

cheek

mental region

chin

nasal region

nose

ophthalmic region

eye

cervical region

neck

pectoral region

chest

umbilical region

naval

abdominal region

mid-torso

axillary region

armpit

vertebral region

midline of back

costal region

ribs

pelvic

hips

gluteal region

buttocks

inguinal region

groin

lumbar region

lower back

perineal region

between anus and external genetalia

brachial region

arm

antebrachial region

forearm

carpal region

wrist

cubital region

elbow

antecubital region

front of elbow

palmar region

palm of hand

femoral region

thigh

crural region

lower leg

popliteal region

back of knee

patellar region

front of knee

pedal region

foot

plantar region

sole of foot

cutaneous region

everywhere (skin)

anterior/ventral (ventral only used when referring to AXIAL region)

toward the front

posterior/dorsal (dorsal only used when referring to AXIAL region)

toward the back

Superior/cranial (cranial only used when referring to AXIAL region)

above/toward head

inferior/caudal ( caudal only used when referring to AXIAL region)

below/ toward tail

medial

towards midline

lateral

away from midline

intermediate

in between (get as close as possible when using)

Proximal

(appendicular only) toward attachment point

Distal

(appendicular only) away from attatchment

superficial

towards the surface of the skin

deep

away from the skin surface

ipsilateral

same side

contralateral

opposite sides

coronal (frontal plane)

divides body into anterior and posterior sections.

transverse (horizontal plane)

divides body into superior/inferior sections

sagittal plane

divides body into left and right sections (unequal)

midsaggital plane

divides body into EQUAL left and right halves

oblique plane

passes through specimen at an angle, diagnal

plasma membrane (cell membrane or plasmalemma)

Extremely thin, outer border of cell that seperates the intracellular and extracellular fluid compartments. Phospholipid bilayer with proteins interspersed within

passive transport

materials move down concentration gradient-high to low. Requires no energy

active transport

materials move against concentration gradient- low to high. large in size or quantity, needs energy

simple diffusion

small, nonpolar molecules move from high to low concentration, crowded, wants to move to low concentration. Passive transport

osmosis

diffusion of water, passive transport

facilitated diffusion

transport proteins help move molecules across membrane. Large molecules move down/with concentration gradient. Passive transport

bulk transport

moves large molecules or bulk structures across the plasma membrane. Exocytosis and endocytosis

exocytosis

materials packed into vesicles and secreted out of the cell when vesicles fuse w the plasma membrane

endocytosis

materials taken in to the cell, packaged in vesicles

phagocytosis

nonspecific uptake of particles by formation of membrane extensions that surround.

pinocytosis

nonspecific uptake of cellular fluid

Cytoplasm

includes all materials between plasma membrane and nucleus

cytosol

a well flowing fluid containing water and many dissolved substances, such as ions, nutrients, proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, SMALL MOLECULES. Some cells store inclusions here including pigments, nutrient stores, and protein crystals.

membrane bound organelles

contents are separate from cytosol. Endoplasmic reticulum, golgi app, lysosomes, peroxisomes, mitochondria. membrane wrapped around

non-membrane-bound organelles

contents are in direct contact with cytosol. ribosomes, cutoskeleton, centrosomes, centrioles, cilia, flagella, microvilli. not surrounded, in direct contact

cisternae

gap inside fluids

smooth ER

lack of ribosomes, continuous with the rough ER, synthesis, transport, and storage of lipids including steroid hormones, metabolism of carbohydrates, detoxification of drugs, alcohol, and poisons

rough ER

Attatchment of ribosomes outside membrane. Recieves newly synthesized proteins from ribosomes. Proteins will be secreted, inserted into plasma membrane or included in a lysosome. RER modifies the proteins and package them into transport vesicle. DOES NOT produce ribosomes itself, ribosomes do, and RER decides what to do with it.

golgi apparatus

receive material from the ER for modification, sorting, and packaging. Gets production from others and distributes it

Lysosomes

Vesicles generated by Golgi Apparatus, contains enzymes used to digest and remove waste products and damaged organelles within the cell, when a cell is dying it releases lysosomal enzymes that digest the cell. Find damaged molecule, engulf it, and break it down, then releases enzymes to recycle.

Peroxisomes

Sacs formed by pinching off from RER, smaller than lysosomes, detoxify harmful molecules in cell, abundant in liver cells

cristae

organelles with double membranes, produce ATP, cells that require more energy have more mitochondria

ribosomes

responsible for protein synthesis, free ribosomes float in the cytosol, fixed ribosomes are attatched to RER

Cytoskeleton

Proteins organized in the cytosol as solid filaments or hollow tubes, gives structure. Has 3 components: microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules

centrosomes

nonmembranous, spherical structure adjacent to nucleus, contains pair of centrioles at right angles to each other

centriole

attatched to chromosomes during cell division causing chromosomal migration

cilia

on exposed surfaces of certain cells move objects across their surface. EX: cells of resp. system move mucus

flagella

longer than cilia usually singular whiplike tails ex: sperm