Bio 198 Final

kill me now

radial symmetry

circularly organized (ex. coral, starfish, jellyfish)

bilateral symmetry

left and right halves (ex. humans

asymmetry

no symmetry

3 germ layers

ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm

ectoderm

outside layer (ex. skin)

mesoderm

middle layer (ex. muscle and bones)

endoderm

inner layer (ex. intestines and organs)

3 types of body cavities

coelom, pseudocoelomate, Acoelomate

coelom

fluid filled space around internal organs, mesoderm holds organs in place

pseudocoelomate

fluid filled space around organs, organs not anchored by mesoderm

acoelomate

no cavity

advantages to a body cavity

flexibility, evolve easier, more complex structures, protection, anchoring

segmentation

body is divided into repeating units

cephalization

development of a structure at one end of the body, that has feeding and sensory

organ system

made up of different organs that function together

organ

a group of tissues that perform a certain function

tissue

layers/group of cells that all have the same structure and function

4 types of tissues

epithelial, muscle, connective, nervous

epithelial

functions: protection, secretion, absorption

muscle

functions: movement, contractions

connective

function: structure, protection, support

nervous

function: coordinate function, response to function

homeostasis

maintenance of relatively constant internal conditions despite outside conditions

purpose of digestive system

get nutrients from food

incomplete digestion

only one opening to digestive tract

complete digestion

two openings

oral cavity

chewing (mechanical) and saliva (chemical)

esophagus

tubular organ that connects mouth and stomach (through peristalsis)

stomach

sac like organ that secretes enzymes and acids

small intestine

digestion of proteins, fats, and carbs

large intestine

absorbs water

essential nutrient

something the body needs but can’t make

vitamins

(organic) required enzymes to function (small amounts)

minerals

(inorganic) provide structure and regulation

open circulatory system

blood is mixed with other fluids and is pumped by muscle contractions and the heart (ex. bugs)

closed circulatory system

blood is contained in a network of vessels

2 chamber circulatory system

oxygenated and deoxygenated blood mix

3 chamber circulatory system

* 2 receiving chambers, one from heart one from lungs
* 1 chamber pumping blood to body and lungs

4 chamber circulatory system

* oxygenated and deoxygenated blood is completely seperated
* good for warm blooded organisms

artery

carries blood away from heart

vein

carries blood back to heart

capillary

where blood gas exchange occurs

Erythrocytes (red blood cells)

transport gases

Leukocytes (white blood cells)

responding to potential pathogens

Thrombocytes (platelets)

blood clotting

central nervous system

* interneurons


* brain and spinal chord
* receives signals, processes, sends response

peripheral nervous system

* sensory and motor neurons
* carries signals to and from central

interneurons

filter and process incoming incoming info and form a response

sensory neurons

carry impulses/stimuli from receptors TO central (can be voluntary or not)

motor neurons

carry impulses AWAY from central (can be voluntary or not)

dendrites

carry signal to cell/reciever

cell body

nucleus and organelles

axon

carry signal away

synapse

gap/space between neurons and neurotransmitters are released across this space

resting potential

the normal charge difference found across the membrane of an axon that is not conducting an impulse

action potential

change in the membrane potential of the cell (from negative to positive and back to negative) caused by the rapid sequential opening of the sodium gates and then the potassium gates in the membrane of the cell

neurotransmitter

produce hormones/chemicals substance that goes from the end of the nerve fiber across the synapse to another structure (ex. muscle or nerve)

hormone

molecule produced by the glands to regulate internal enviornment

endocrine system

glands and organs that produce/respond to hormones to maintain homeostasis with positive and negative feedback

pituitary gland

FSH, LH, oxytocin, AOH

adrenal

epinephrine,adrenaline

gonads

testosterone, estrogen, progesterone

pancreas

glucagon, insulin

steroid hormone

insoluble in water (can diffuse across cell membrane)

peptide hormone

soluble to water

low blood sugar regulation

pancreas releases glucagon which causes the liver to turn stored glycogen into glucose and send to the blood

high blood sugar regulation

pancreas releases insulin and liver takes up glucose from the blood

asexual reproduction

one individual produces offspring that are genetically identical/clone

advantages: large fast growing population

disadvantages: no variation in unstable enviornment

sexual reproduction

genetic material of 2 individuals is combined to produce genetically different offspring

advantages: more variation and greater fitness in unstable environment

disadvantages: only females can reproduce = less offspring

integumentary system

overall protection from physical damage, invasion of foreign organisms, dehydration, freezing, overheating

chemoreceptors

taste, smell

photoreceptors

sight

mechanoreceptors

hearing, touch

immunity

ability of the body to resist disease

adaptive immunity

(specific) immunity built up after exposure to diseases or vaccines - memory cells

innate immunity

(nonspecific) defense system you are born with from genetics

phagocytosis

cells kills itself with virus

cytokines

chemical messenger that regulates form/function, production, gene expression, for immune responses

antibodies

produced by B-cells, attached by antigens

vaccines

person is exposed to a dead or weak version of a specific virus in order for their body to build memory cells to then defend against that virus once again

types of white blood cells

T-cells produced in bone marrow and mature in thymus, B-cells mature in bone marrow

lymphatic system

a system of tubes and lymph nodes that run throughout the body and work simultaneously with immune system

3 types of skeletal system

hydrostatic, exoskeleton, endoskeleton

hydrostatic

has no bones, has fluid-filled compartments held under pressure and layers of circular muscles, needs water (ex. worm)

exoskeleton

skeleton that covers the outside of an animal’s body to provide areas for muscle attachment inside the skeleton, has best leverage (ex. arthropods)

endoskeleton

skeleton inside an animal’s body, provides muscle attachment outside of skeleton, grows with animal and supports more weight

3 types of muscle

cardiac, smooth, skeletal

cardiac muscle

heart (involuntary) shorter and striated but not dense

smooth

digestive (involuntary)

skeletal

attached to skeleton (voluntary) striated and dense

sarcomere

sliding filament theory

1. calcium binds with troponin (on actin) which moves tropomyosin, revealing binding sites for myosin
2. myosin (thick filament) head binds to binding sites on actin (thin filament)
3. myosin head bends, ADP + P are released, energy being used
4. new ATP attaches, myosin head releases, and muscle relaxes

osmotic regulation

process of maintaining a characteristic of body fluids within a certain parameter and regulate ions like sodium

kidney

filters blood to produce urine, absorbs water and ions, secretes waste, maintains pH