9th grade Biology EOC

Carbohydrate

Contains: C,H,O

Nucleic Acid

Contains: C,H,O,N,P

Proteins

Contains: C,H,O,N

Nucleotide

Function: store information (DNA & RNA)

Interphase

G1 phase, S phase, G2 phase

sugars

Function: Quick energy

Mitosis

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telephase

Fatty acid

Function: makes enzymes that speed up reactions

G1 phase

The cell is growing

S phase

The cell replicates it's DNA

G2 phase

The cell is growing and starts preparing for mitosis

Prophase

Metaphase

Anaphase

Telaphase

Cytokinesis

Plant Cell

Animal cell

Nucleotide acid

Function: long-term energy and makes up the cell membrane

Lipids

Contains: C,H,O

Bacteria Cell

Eukaryotic

a cell that contains a nucleus (and membrane bound organelles)

Prokaryotic

a cell that doesn't contain a nucleus (no membrane bound organelles)

photosynthesis equation

6CO2+6H2O+energy=C6H12O6+6O2

(carbon dioxide+water+sunlight=glucose+oxygen)

Cellular Respiration equation

6O2+C6H12O6=6CO2+6H2O+energy

(oxygen+glucose=carbon dioxide+water+ATP)

diploid

a full set of chromosomes (46)

haploid

1/2 the amount of chromosomes (23)

mitosis

produces 2 genetically identical diploid body cells

meiosis

produces 4 genetically different haploid sex cells

cancer

uncontrolled growth of cells causes tumors or masses of tissue that block normal function of organs

nucleotide

(DNA) C

G

(DNA) A

T

genetic code

the sequence of nitrogen bases (the steps on the ladder)

DNA Replication product

2 identical DNA strands

1st step of DNA replication

The 2 original DNA strands are "unzipped" down the hydrogen bond by and enzyme.

2nd step of DNA replication

complimentary DNA nucleotides are added to the split strands

3rd step of DNA replication

2 identical DNA models are left over

incomplete dominance

when one allele is NOT dominant over the other (example: a cross between a red flower and a white flower will result in a pink flower.)

Codominance

when BOTH alleles contribute to one's physical features. (Example: a black and white cow when both alleles are expressed)

Dominant

the form of the allele that shows up over the other (Example: Dark brown hair (D) is dominant over blonde hair (b)).

Recessive

the form of one allele that is masked by another (Example: Dark brown hair (D) is dominant over blonde hair (b)).

Allele

Different forms of a gene (Example: BB,Bb,bb)

Genotype

the alleles for the gene (Example: BB,Bb,bb)

Phenotype

the physical expression of the gene (Example: Blonde hair, Brown hair, Red hair, etc.)

(RNA) G

C

(RNA) A

U

transcription

in the nucleus, mRNA makes a copy of the DNA templet.

translation

in the cytoplasm, tRNA brings the amino acids and puts them in order along the mRNA molecule. after linking in a chain they eventually form a protein.

____ Nitrogen bases = 1 codon

3 (Example: AGT)

____ codons = 1 amino acid

1 (Example: AGT)

mutation

A change in the DNA

Silent Mutation

When the Amino Acid sequence stays the same after the mutation

Missense mutation

If it changes 1 Amino Acid

Nonsense mutation

If it causes a STOP codon the protein is nonfunctional, this is the worst kind.

Pedigree chart

a "family tree" of inheritable disorders within a family.

Binomial Nomenclature

Scientist around the world invented this latin 2 word naming system for all species. The first name is always the 'Genus' and is always capitalized. The second name is always the 'species' and is always lowercased.

Taxonomy divisions

Kingdom-Phylum-Class-Order-Family-Genus-Species

Largest taxonomy division

Kingdom

The 6 kingdoms

Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia

"Hi, I am eukaryotic and I am mostly unicellular but part of me is colonial, I am both autotrophic and heterotrophic, Who am I"?

Protista (Examples:seaweeds)

"Hi, I am eukaryotic and I am multicellular, heterotrophic, and I have no chloroplast, Who am I"?

Animalia (Example: Gorilla)

"Hi, I am prokaryotic, unicellular person who can live in extreme environments, but I don't have peptidoglycan (PTG), Who am I"?

Archaebacteria (Example:Thermophiles)

Autotrophic

When an organism can make it's own food.

"Hi, I am eukaryotic and I am mostly multicellular, heterotrophic, and I have cell walls made of chitin, Who am I"?

Fungi (Example: mushrooms)

"Hi, I am eukaryotic and I am multicellular, autotrophic, and I have cell walls made of cellulose, Who am I"?

Plantae (Example: plant)

"Hi, I am prokaryotic, I cause bacteria, I am unicellular, autotrophic or heterotrophic, and I have cell walls made of peptidoglycan (PTG), Who am I"?

Eubacteria (Example: Strep Throat)

Heterotroph

An organism that must find and kill their food

The name for and extra copy of chromosome 13

Trisomy

1st name in binomial nomenclature

Genus (uppercase)

2nd name in binomial nomenclature

Species (lowercase)

Evolution

The change in a population over time

Theory

Twelve supported testable explanation

Darwin's theory of evolution

Adaption that causes an organism to be more suited for its environment