Praxis 5581 Master Study Course Volume 2

Original practice flashcards for Praxis 5581 covering US History, World History, Civics, Geography, and Economics.

Why was Jamestown founded in $1607$?

Jamestown was founded by the Virginia Company as a business venture to find wealth, resources, and establish an English colony. Praxis Tip: Remember Jamestown = first permanent English settlement.

What was the significance of the Mayflower Compact?

It was an early example of self-government where Pilgrims agreed to create laws for the good of the colony. Key Idea: Foundations of democracy.

Why did Puritans establish Massachusetts Bay Colony?

They wanted to create a society based on their religious beliefs and reform the Church of England.

What was the House of Burgesses?

The first representative government in the American colonies, established in Virginia in $1619$. Remember: First elected assembly in colonial America.

What was mercantilism?

An economic system where colonies existed to benefit the mother country through trade and resources.

What was the purpose of the Navigation Acts?

To control colonial trade and ensure profits went to Great Britain.

What was salutary neglect?

Britain's relaxed enforcement of colonial rules, allowing colonies to develop self-government.

What caused the French and Indian War?

Competition between Britain and France over land and resources in North America.

What was the result of the French and Indian War?

Britain gained territory but increased taxes on colonies to pay war debts.

Why did colonists oppose the Stamp Act?

They believed taxation without representation violated their rights.

What does "No taxation without representation" mean?

Colonists believed they should not be taxed by a government where they had no elected representatives.

What was the Boston Tea Party?

A protest where colonists dumped British tea into Boston Harbor to oppose taxation.

What were the Intolerable Acts?

Punitive laws passed by Britain after the Boston Tea Party to punish Massachusetts.

What was the First Continental Congress?

A meeting of colonial representatives who organized resistance against British policies.

What document declared American independence?

The Declaration of Independence ($1776$).

Who wrote most of the Declaration of Independence?

Thomas Jefferson.

What Enlightenment idea influenced the Declaration of Independence?

Natural rights: life, liberty, and pursuit of happiness.

Who was the commander of the Continental Army?

George Washington.

What was the turning point of the American Revolution?

The Battle of Saratoga ($1777$).

What ended the American Revolution?

The Treaty of Paris ($1783$).

What government document came before the Constitution?

The Articles of Confederation.

What was the biggest weakness of the Articles of Confederation?

The federal government had too little power.

What event showed the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation?

Shays' Rebellion.

What was the Constitutional Convention?

The $1787$ meeting where delegates created the U.S. Constitution.

What compromise created a two-house Congress?

The Great Compromise.

What are the three branches of government?

Legislative, Executive, Judicial.

What is separation of powers?

Dividing government responsibilities among different branches.

What are checks and balances?

A system where branches limit each other's power.

What is federalism?

Sharing power between national and state governments.

What are the first ten amendments called?

The Bill of Rights.

What freedom does the First Amendment protect?

Religion, speech, press, assembly, and petition.

What does the Second Amendment protect?

The right to bear arms.

What does the Fifth Amendment protect?

Due process rights and protection from self-incrimination.

What does the Fourteenth Amendment establish?

Equal protection and citizenship rights.

What is judicial review?

The power of courts to determine whether laws are constitutional.

What Supreme Court case established judicial review?

Marbury v. Madison ($1803$).

Who wrote the Federalist Papers?

Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay.

What group supported ratification of the Constitution?

Federalists.

What group opposed a strong federal government?

Anti-Federalists.

Why was the Bill of Rights added?

To protect individual freedoms.

Who was the first U.S. President?

George Washington.

What warning did Washington give in his Farewell Address?

Avoid political parties and permanent foreign alliances.

What was the Louisiana Purchase?

The $1803$ purchase of French territory that doubled U.S. land size.

Who purchased Louisiana Territory?

Thomas Jefferson.

What was Manifest Destiny?

The belief that Americans were destined to expand westward.

What was the Monroe Doctrine?

A policy warning European nations against colonizing the Americas.

What was the Trail of Tears?

The forced removal of Native Americans from southeastern lands.

What president supported Indian Removal?

Andrew Jackson.

What was Jacksonian Democracy?

Expanded political participation for white male citizens.

What was the purpose of the Second Great Awakening?

A religious revival movement that inspired social reform.

What was the main cause of the Civil War?

The conflict over slavery and whether it would expand into new territories. Praxis Tip: Slavery was the central issue, but economic and political differences also contributed.

What was the Missouri Compromise ($1820$)?

An agreement that admitted Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state while limiting slavery's expansion.

What was the Compromise of $1850$?

A series of laws addressing slavery in new territories, including the admission of California as a free state and the Fugitive Slave Act.

What was the Kansas-Nebraska Act?

A law allowing settlers in Kansas and Nebraska to vote on slavery through popular sovereignty.

What was "Bleeding Kansas"?

Violence between pro-slavery and anti-slavery groups fighting over whether Kansas would allow slavery.

Who wrote Uncle Tom's Cabin?

Harriet Beecher Stowe. Importance: Increased Northern opposition to slavery.

What was the purpose of the Underground Railroad?

A network that helped enslaved people escape to freedom.

Who was the leader of the abolitionist movement?

Frederick Douglass was one of the most influential abolitionists.

What Supreme Court case ruled enslaved people were not citizens?

Dred Scott v. Sandford ($1857$).

Why was the election of Abraham Lincoln important?

His election increased fears among Southern states that slavery would be restricted.

What document freed enslaved people in Confederate states?

The Emancipation Proclamation.

When was the Emancipation Proclamation issued?

$1863$.

What was the turning point battle of the Civil War?

The Battle of Gettysburg ($1863$).

What was the significance of the Battle of Vicksburg?

The Union gained control of the Mississippi River.

What ended the Civil War?

General Robert E. Lee surrendered to General Ulysses S. Grant at Appomattox Court House in $1865$.

What amendment abolished slavery?

The $13$th Amendment.

What amendment granted citizenship?

The $14$th Amendment.

What amendment protected voting rights for African American men?

The $15$th Amendment.

What was Reconstruction?

The period after the Civil War when the nation rebuilt and attempted to integrate formerly enslaved people into society.

What ended Reconstruction?

The Compromise of $1877$.

What was the Industrial Revolution?

A shift from agricultural production to machine-based manufacturing.

What industries grew during industrialization?

Steel, oil, railroads, and manufacturing.

Who was Andrew Carnegie?

A steel industry leader who used vertical integration to expand his business.

Who was John D. Rockefeller?

Founder of Standard Oil and an example of a powerful industrialist.

What is a monopoly?

When one company controls most or all of a market.

What were trusts?

Groups of companies controlled together to reduce competition.

What were labor unions created to do?

Protect workers' rights, wages, and working conditions.

What was the Knights of Labor?

An early labor organization seeking better conditions for workers.

What was the American Federation of Labor (AFL)?

A union focused on improving wages, hours, and working conditions.

What were muckrakers?

Journalists who exposed corruption and social problems.

Who wrote The Jungle?

Upton Sinclair. Impact: Led to food safety reforms.

What was the Progressive Movement?

A reform movement aimed at improving government, business, and society.

Who was Theodore Roosevelt?

A Progressive president known for trust-busting and conservation.

What is trust-busting?

Breaking up monopolies to increase competition.

What amendment gave women the right to vote?

The $19$th Amendment.

What caused World War I?

Militarism, alliances, imperialism, and nationalism. Memory Trick: MAIN

What event started World War I?

The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand.

What was the purpose of the League of Nations?

To promote peace and prevent future wars.

Why did the United States enter World War I?

German unrestricted submarine warfare and the Zimmermann Telegram.

What was the Great Depression?

A severe worldwide economic crisis beginning in $1929$.

What event began the Great Depression?

The stock market crash of $1929$.

Who created the New Deal?

President Franklin D. Roosevelt.

What was the goal of the New Deal?

Relief, recovery, and reform during the Great Depression.

What event caused the United States to enter World War II?

The attack on Pearl Harbor ($1941$).

What were the Allied Powers?

Countries including the United States, Britain, France, and the Soviet Union.

What was D-Day?

The Allied invasion of Normandy in $1944$.

What ended World War II?

Germany surrendered in Europe; Japan surrendered after atomic bombs were dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki.

What was the Cold War?

A period of tension between the United States and Soviet Union after WWII.

What was the Civil Rights Movement?

A movement seeking equal rights and ending racial segregation.

What Supreme Court case ended legal segregation in public schools?

Brown v. Board of Education ($1954$).