Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles Vocabulary
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Flashcards for reviewing key vocabulary from the lecture notes on Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles.
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87 Terms
Heredity
The transmission of traits from one generation to the next.
Variation
Differences in appearance that offspring show from parents and siblings.
Genetics
The scientific study of heredity and variation.
Genes
Units of heredity made up of segments of DNA.
Gametes
Reproductive cells (sperm and eggs).
Locus
Specific position of a gene on a chromosome.
Somatic Cells
Cells of the body except for gametes and their precursors.
Clone
A group of genetically identical individuals from the same parent, produced asexually.
Life Cycle
Generation-to-generation sequence of stages in the reproductive history of an organism.
Karyotype
An ordered display of the pairs of chromosomes from a cell.
Homologous Chromosomes (Homologs)
Pairs of chromosomes that have the same length, shape, and carry genes controlling the same inherited characters.
Sex Chromosomes
Chromosomes that determine the sex of the individual (X and Y).
Autosomes
The 22 pairs of chromosomes that are not sex chromosomes.
Diploid Cell
A cell with two sets of chromosomes (2n).
Haploid Cell
A gamete (sperm or egg) that contains a single set of chromosomes (n).
Ovum
An unfertilized egg.
Fertilization
The union of gametes (sperm and egg).
Zygote
The fertilized egg, which has one set of chromosomes from each parent and is diploid.
Sporophyte
Diploid organism that makes haploid spores by meiosis in plants and some algae.
Gametophyte
Haploid organism that makes haploid gametes by mitosis in plants and some algae.
Meiosis
The process that reduces the number of chromosome sets from diploid to haploid.
Allele
A version of a gene.
Chiasmata
X-shaped regions where crossing over has occurred between non-sister chromatids.
Synaptonemal Complex
Structure that forms during prophase I, where two members of a homologous pair associate along their length, allele by allele.
Mutations
Changes in an organism’s DNA.
Recombinant Chromosomes
Chromosomes that combine DNA inherited from each parent, produced by crossing over.
Crossing Over
The reciprocal exchange of genetic material between nonsister chromatids during prophase I of meiosis.
Heterozygous
Having two different alleles for a given gene.
Homozygous
Having two identical alleles for a given gene.
Phenotype
The physical or physiological characteristics (traits) of an organism.
Genotype
The genetic makeup, or set of alleles, of an organism.
Punnett Square
A diagram used to predict the allele composition of offspring from a cross between individuals of known genetic makeup.
Testcross
Breeding an organism of unknown genotype with a recessive homozygote to determine the unknown genotype. If any offspring display the recessive phenotype, the unknown parent must be heterozygous.
Monohybrids
Individuals that are heterozygous for one character.
Monohybrid Cross
A cross between heterozygotes.
Law of Segregation
States that two alleles for a heritable character separate during gamete formation and end up in different gametes.
Dihybrids
Individuals heterozygous for two characters.
Dihybrid Cross
A cross between F1 dihybrids.
Law of Independent Assortment
States that each pair of alleles segregates independently of each other pair of alleles during gamete formation. Applies only to genes on different, nonhomologous chromosomes or those far apart on the same chromosome.
Linked Genes
Genes located near each other on the same chromosome that tend to be inherited together.
Complete Dominance
The situation in which the phenotypes of the heterozygote and dominant homozygote are indistinguishable.
Incomplete Dominance
The situation in which the phenotype of heterozygotes is somewhere between the phenotypes of individuals homozygous for one allele or the other.
Codominance
The two alleles affect the phenotype in separate, distinguishable ways.
Pleiotropy
Multiple genes affect the phenotype.
Epistasis
A gene at one locus alters the phenotypic expression of a gene at a second locus.
Poly
An additive effect of two or more genes on a single phenotypic character.
Heredity
The transmission of traits from one generation to the next.
Variation
Differences in appearance that offspring show from parents and siblings.
Genetics
The scientific study of heredity and variation.
Genes
Units of heredity made up of segments of DNA.
Gametes
Reproductive cells (sperm and eggs).
Locus
Specific position of a gene on a chromosome.
Somatic Cells
Cells of the body except for gametes and their precursors.
Clone
A group of genetically identical individuals from the same parent, produced asexually.
Life Cycle
Generation-to-generation sequence of stages in the reproductive history of an organism.
Karyotype
An ordered display of the pairs of chromosomes from a cell.
Homologous Chromosomes (Homologs)
Pairs of chromosomes that have the same length, shape, and carry genes controlling the same inherited characters.
Sex Chromosomes
Chromosomes that determine the sex of the individual (X and Y).
Autosomes
The 22 pairs of chromosomes that are not sex chromosomes.
Diploid Cell
A cell with two sets of chromosomes (2n).
Haploid Cell
A gamete (sperm or egg) that contains a single set of chromosomes (n).
Ovum
An unfertilized egg.
Fertilization
The union of gametes (sperm and egg).
Zygote
The fertilized egg, which has one set of chromosomes from each parent and is diploid.
Sporophyte
Diploid organism that makes haploid spores by meiosis in plants and some algae.
Gametophyte
Haploid organism that makes haploid gametes by mitosis in plants and some algae.
Meiosis
The process that reduces the number of chromosome sets from diploid to haploid.
Allele
A version of a gene.
Chiasmata
X-shaped regions where crossing over has occurred between non-sister chromatids.
Synaptonemal Complex
Structure that forms during prophase I, where two members of a homologous pair associate along their length, allele by allele.
Mutations
Changes in an organism’s DNA.
Recombinant Chromosomes
Chromosomes that combine DNA inherited from each parent, produced by crossing over.
Crossing Over
The reciprocal exchange of genetic material between nonsister chromatids during prophase I of meiosis.
Heterozygous
Having two different alleles for a given gene.
Homozygous
Having two identical alleles for a given gene.
Phenotype
The physical or physiological characteristics (traits) of an organism.
Genotype
The genetic makeup, or set of alleles, of an organism.
Punnett Square
A diagram used to predict the allele composition of offspring from a cross between individuals of known genetic makeup.
Testcross
Breeding an organism of unknown genotype with a recessive homozygote to determine the unknown genotype. If any offspring display the recessive phenotype, the unknown parent must be heterozygous.
Monohybrids
Individuals that are heterozygous for one character.
Monohybrid Cross
A cross between heterozygotes.
Law of Segregation
States that two alleles for a heritable character separate during gamete formation and end up in different gametes.
Dihybrids
Individuals heterozygous for two characters.
Dihybrid Cross
A cross between F1 dihybrids.
Law of Independent Assortment
States that each pair of alleles segregates independently of each other pair of alleles during gamete formation. Applies only to genes on different, nonhomologous chromosomes or those far apart on the same chromosome.
Linked Genes
Genes located near each other on the same chromosome that tend to be inherited together.
The situation in which the phenotypes of the heterozygote and dominant homozyg