M 1.1 INORGANIC CHEM

most abundant non metal

Al

1st abundant non-metal

O2

2nd abundant non metal

Si

air gas

N2 (Air = N2 + O2 \[71:29\])

least abundant noble gas

Kr, Xe

Most abundant/ major/ principal/ 1°

PISO (K+ IN, Na+ OUT)

PICO (HPO4 -2 IN, Cl- OUT

2 nd most abundant/ minor/ 2°

MICO (Mg2+ IN, Ca2+ OUT)

Ca2+ OUT BIO (HCO3 - OUT)

Respiratory: CO2 (acidic)

↑ Acidosis ↓ Alkalosis

Metabolic: HCO3 - (basic)

↓ Acidosis ↑ Alkalosis

DOC for metabolic acidosis

NaHCO3

container: N2

Black cylinder

container: NO2, N2O

Blue cylinder

container: Mg(OH)2

Blue bottle

container: O2

Green cylinder

container: Ar

Dark green

container: CO2

Grey

container: He

Brown

container: H2

Red

container: Acetylene

Maroon

container: Cl2

Yellow

container: Li

Coated w/ petroleum or under oil (ra)

container: White/Yellow P

Under water

container:

container: Highly Resistant Borosilicate (Pyrex, Borosil)

type 1

container: Treated Soda Lime Glass

type 2

container: Soda Lime Glass; Dry Powder Packaging

type 3

container: General Soda Lime Glass

IV/NP

glass (elements)

Silica + Na2CO3

leach test: water attack test

type 2

leach test: powdered glass test

type 1,3

glass modification: K

Brown/ amber, light resistant

glass modification: Se

red

glass modification: MnO2

Masks blue-green color Fe usu. present in glass

glass modification: B (as borate)

Decrease coefficient of expansion

glass modification: Pb

Increase refractive index

glass modification: Rare earths

Selectively absorb light of certain wavelengths

glass modification: HF

Glass etching

Lithium – Li

Hypokalemia – (tremor)

Hyponatremia – Nephrogenic Diabetes insipidus – hence do not restrict Na intake; (polyuria)

• Hypothyroidism

• (teratogenic) – Ebstein’s anomaly

Sodium – Na

Def: Hyponatremia – “emia” – blood; low Na levels

Tox: Hypernatremia – (fluid retention) high Na levels

Potassium – K

Def: Hypokalemia – lead to muscle paralysis (common causes: severe burns, diarrhea

• Tox: Hyperkalemia – lead to Cardiac arrest (muscle contraction) KCl – use in mercy killing

• Ax: Sodium polystyrene sulfonate (Kayexalate®) – Cation exchange resin

Copper – Cu

Tox: Wilson’s disease – bronze-like skin

• Ax: Penicillamine (Cuprimine®)

Silver – Ag

Tox: Argyria (darkened skinned due to chronic use)

• Ax: NaCl (NSS) – isotonic (not painful when administered)

Gold – Au

Dermatitis, Glossitis – inflammation of the tongue (PO)

• Ax: BAL

Calcium – Ca

Defective bone mineralization – Rickets/ bowed legs in children; Osteomalacia in adults

• Defective bone resorption – Osteoporosis – brittle bone

• Others: Muscle spasm → tetany, seizure

• Tox: Hypercalcemia – constipation: ↑ Ca levels

• Ax: EDTA – converted into Ca EDTA (chelating agent)

Barium – Ba

Tox: Baritosis – Benign Pneumoconiosis (non-fibrotic)

• Ax: MgSO4 – converted into BaSO4 ↓ (non-absorbable)

Zinc – Zn

Def: Parakeratosis (scaly, thickened, & inflamed skin), impaired immunity

• Metal fume fever – due to inhalation of ZnO

• Ax: NaHCO3

Cadmium – Cd

Tox: Itai-itai disease or Ouch-ouch disease

• Ax: Ca EDTA – Immediately given after exposure

• Mgt: Palliative therapy

Mercury – Hg

Neurotoxic: Minamata disease, pink disease (Acrodynia in children) Mad hatter’s disease/ Erethism

• Ax: • Na formaldehyde sulfoxylate – best antidote; RA: Hg2+ → Hg2 2+ (less soluble) • DMSA (Succimer) – water soluble analog of BAL for all types of Hg poisoning • Penicillamine (Cuprimine®) – Elemental Hg • BAL – Inorg salts only • Ca EDTA

Boric acid

Tox: Boiled lobster appearance – reddish-orange skin (PO/ dermal absorption)

Lead – Pb

Tox: Plumbism/ Saturnism – wrist drop/ foot drop

• Ax: Ca EDTA/ Ca versenate

Aluminum – Al

Tox: Shaver’s disease/ Bauxite pneumoconiosis (inhalation), Alzheimer’s disease in elderly (Neurotoxic), Constipation (Ala-Tae)

Silicon – Si (Silicon dioxide – SiO2)

Tox: Silicosis – TB-like (Pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanokoniosis) Resulting to Hemoptysis – blood in sputum & lung irritation due to chronic inhalation

• Ax: Alumina – adsorbents; forms coat w/ Silica part.

Zirconium – Zr

Tox: Granuloma in skin & lungs – Banned!

Phosphorus – P (white/ yellow) – General protoplasmic poison

Acute: Garlic breath odor, luminous vomitus, severe GI irritation (bloody diarrhea, liver damage)

• Chronic: Bony necrosis, esp. in mandible (Phossy jaw)

• Ax: Cupric sulfate, Ceric sulfate

Arsenic – As (lewisite metal)

Acute: Aldrich-mee’s lines (white lines in fingernails), Garlic breath odor, luminous vomitus, severe GI irritation (bloody diarrhea)

• Chronic: Arsenicosis, Cancer

• Ax: British anti-lewisite (BAL/Dimercaprol)

19\. Bismuth – Bi

Blue-black gums • Black stools (Bi2S3) • BAL

Vanadium – V

Tox: Green tongue

Sulfur – S (Sulfites, Sulfur dioxide – SO2)

Hypersensitivity reactions – Angioedema, Bronchospasms, Anaphylaxis

Selenium – Se

Def: Keshan disease

• Tox: Contact dermatitis

Fluorine – F

Tox: Dental (enamel mottling) & Skeletal fluorosis

• HF, F- salts: Slow-healing burns

• Ax: Ca gluconate → CaF2 ppt (non-absorbable)

Bromine – Br (depressant property)

Tox: Bromism (Psychosis, skin eruption, headache, weakness)

• Ax: Na/ NH4Cl → NaBr ppt

27\. Manganese – Mn

Parkinson-like (tremors)

Helium – He

Donald duck sound

Iron – Fe

Tox: GI irritation (black stools) Fe2S3, Hemochromatosis, Cardiac collapse

• Ax: Deferoxamine

Cobalt – Co

Def: Megaloblastic anemia/ Macrocytic anemia (B9 & B12)

• Ax: Hydroxocobalamin, Cyanocobalamin (Vit B12)

Nickel – Ni

Tox: Nickel itch – contact dermatitis

Activated charcoal + Tannic acid + MgO (2:1:1

Universal antidote (for weak acids & weak bases – drugs)

• CI: Household and Industrial poisons e.g., CN & Kerosene poisoning

Activated charcoal

Destructive distillation residue of various org materials treated to increase adsorptive power • Official USP: Fine form • Adsorbent • Antidiarrheal

Disodium EDTA/ Edetate disodium (C10H14N2Na2O8 • 2H2O)

Ag proteinate stabilizer

• Emergency tx of hypercalcemia (IV)

• S/E: Hypocalcemia rapidly develops

Calcium disodium edetate/ Edetate calcium disodium (C10H12N2Na2CaO8)

Ax: for heavy metal poisoning (especially Lead – Pb)

• Adv: Does not precipitate Hypocalcemia

Amyl nitrite + Na nitrite + Na thiosulfate

CN antidote kit component

• Supplemental: • NaHCO3 – Metabolic acidosis

• Hyperbaric/ 100% O2 (2-3 atm) – Tx. Hypoxia/ Asphyxia. - Industrial Prep: Fractional distillation of liquid air

Other agents used in CN poisoning:

• Methylene blue

• Hydroxocobalamin

RP: Liver

Tc99m IDA (Imino diacetic acid) – Hepatobiliary studies •

Tc99m phytate – Liver imaging for potency studies

• Au198 – Liver scanning

• I 131 Rose Bengal – tracer of liver function

• Na iodohippurate – Diagnosis of Liver function

RP: Kidney

Tc99m heptagluconate – Kidney imaging for Renal function determination

• Hg197 chlormerodrin – Kidney & Brain scintillation scanning

RP: Heart

Tc99m sestamibi/ methoxy isobutyl isonitrile – Myocardial perfusion agent

• I 131 NaI – Cardiac output determination – blood plasma vol.

RP: Thyroid

Tc99m pertechnetate – Thyroid scanning

• I 125 NaI – Diagnosis of Thyroid function

Tc99m etidronate/ phosphonates

– Bone imaging

Tc99m macro aggregated albumin

Lung scanning

Cr51

– Spleen imaging, RBC mass

P 32 Na phosphate

Treatment of Polycythemia vera

Co57 cyanocobalamin

Diagnosis of Pernicious anemia (high rbc)

Se75 selenomethionine

Diagnosis of Pancreatic tumors

alloys: Plumber’s Solider

alloys: 67% Pb, 33% Sn

alloys: Solder

alloys: 50 % Pb, 50% Sn

alloys: Pewter

alloys: 20% Pb, 80% Sn

alloys: Babbitt

20% Sb, 80% Sn

alloys: Type metal

50% Pb, 25% Sn, 25% Sb

alloys: Rose metal

25% Pb, 25% Sn, 50% Bi

alloys: Bronze

Copper + Sn

alloys: Gun metal

Copper + Sn (90 : 10)

alloys: Anti-friction Metal

Copper + Sn + Sb (12.5 : 75 : 12.5)

alloys: Brass

Copper + Zn

alloys: Monel

Copper + Ni

alloys: German Silver

Copper + Ni + Zn

alloys: Sterling Silver

Copper + Ag (7.5 : 92.5)

alloys: Raney Nickel

Aluminum + Ni

alloys: Steel

Iron + 3% C

alloys: Misch Metal

Iron + 70% Ce

alloys: Woods Metal\*

Cd, Sn, Pb, Bi (12.5 : 12.5 : 25 : 50)