Optometry Admission Test

Which of the following is the mRNA start codon in most cases?

AUG

Which of the types of RNA is the smallest?

tRNA

Which of the following is NOT considered a pyrimidine?

G

Which of the following ARE considered a pyrimidine?

- Cytosine, Thymine, and Uracil

- One-carbon nitrogen ring bases

Which of the following is correctly paired set of DNA nucleotides?

C-G

A-T

What are the building blocks of amino acids?

Purines and Pyrimidines

Purines

- Adenine and Guanine

- Two-carbon nitrogen ring bases

Which of the following characterizes a Western blot?

Antibody/protein hybridization

Western Blot

Western blots allow investigators to determine the molecular weight of a protein and to measure relative amounts of the protein present in different samples.

Which of the following divisions of cell growth precedes Mitosis in the cell cycle?

G2

Down Syndrome is directly linked to a genetic abnormality of chromosome?

XXI

Which of the following is a characteristic of the Hardy-Weinberg Law?

Genotype selection does not occur at the Locus

Hardy-Weinberg Law

Under the following conditions both phenotypic and allelic frequencies remain constant from generation to generation in sexually reproducing populations: large population size, no mutation, no immigration, random mating, random reproductive success.

Which of the following is NOT an activated carrier?

GMP

The following are activated carriers

ATP, SAM, TPP

The end product of the TCA cycle produces _____ NADH

3

How many ATP are required to transform pyruvate into glucose?

6

Which is NOT a derivative of the amino acid Tryptophan?

Creatine

Derivatives of the amino acid Tryptophan

Melatonin, Serotonin, Niacin

Amino Acids (AA) consist of?

A tetrahedral alpha-carbon connected to an amino group, a carboxyl group, and a variable R group, which determines the AA's properties

Proteins consist of?

Amino acids linked by peptide bonds, or amide bonds, which have partial double bond characteristics, lack rotation, and are very stable

The secondary structure of proteins (alpha-helices and beta-sheets) are formed through?

Hydrogen bonding interactions between atoms in the backbone of the molecule

The most stable tertiary protein structure generally?

Places polar AA's on the exterior and non polar AA's on the interior of the protein. This minimizes interactions between non polar AAs and water, while optimizing interactions between side chains inside the protein

Carbohydrates

Are chains of hydrated carbon atoms with the molecular formula CnH2nOn

Monosaccharides

Like glucose, fructose, and galactose are energy molecules for cells

Disaccharides include?

maltose, sucrose, and lactose

Polysaccharides are?

For either glucose storage or structure.

Glycogen

Is a glucose storage molecule in animals

Starch

Is glucose storage for plants

Cellulose

Is a plant structural molecule

Fats are?

Hydrophobic molecules used for energy storage (tryglycerides), membrane structure (phospholipids and cholesterol), or hormones (steroids)

Hydrolysis of a triglyceride

Produce three equivalents of fatty acid carboxylates. These amphipathic molecules form micelles in solution

Cholesterol

Is a ring-shaped lipid that helped stabilize lipid bilayers

Steroid hormones

Are derived from cholesterol

Nucleotides

Are the building blocks of nucleic acids (DNA and RNA), which are comprised of pentose sugar a purine or pyrimidine base, and 2-3 phosphate units.

Cellular Respiration

Is the oxidation of carbohydrates, reduction of electron carriers, and generation of ATP

Glycolysis

Occurs in the cytoplasm and generates two pyruvate molecules, two ATP, and two NADH per glucose

Under anaerobic conditions

The cell performs fermentations to regenerate NAD+ so that glycolysis can continue

The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC)

Functions in the mitochondrial matrix, converts pyruvate into acetyl-CoA, and generate NADH

The Krebs Cycle

In the mitochondrial matrix generate six NADH, two FADH2, and two GTP per glucose

The electron transport chain

In the inner mitochondrial membrane starts with the oxidation of the electron carriers NADH and FADH2, and ends with the reduction of oxygen and the generation of a proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane

ATP synthase

In the inner mitochondrial membrane uses the proton gradient to generate ATP (2.5 ATP per NADH from the mitochondrial matrix, 1.5 ATP per NADH from the cytoplasm, and 1.5 ATP per FADH2)

Both eukaryotes and prokaryotes

Perform cellular respiration, but prokaryotes used their plasma membrane for the electron transport chain and generate two more ATP per glucose than eukaryotes

Photosynthesis

Is the process plants use to convert light to ATP. Summary equation is essentially the chemical reverse of respiration

Photosynthesis occurs in?

Two steps:

- The light-dependent reactions (which generate ATP and NADPH)

- The light-independent reactions (which generate carbohydrates)

DNA

Is the fundamental unit of inheritance in cells

DNA and RNA are?

Polymers, made of nucleotide monomers

Adenine always pairs with?

Thymine via two hydrogen bonds

Cytosine always pairs with?

Guanine via three hydrogen bonds

Uracil replaces?

Thymine in RNA, and the ribose in RNA has an OH group on carbon 2

DNA is?

Supercoiled in prokaryotes and packaged around histone proteins in eukaryotes

Prothrombin is a _____ globulin and is produced by the ____

Prothrombin is a ALPHA globulin and is produced by the LIVER

The right coronary artery divides to form the posterior inter ventricular artery and the ____ artery

Marginal

Blood flowing into the cardiac veins enters the _____ next

Coronary Sinus

If you are using a stethoscope and trying to detect the tricuspid valve which of the following would be the best location?

Within 2 inches of the typhoid process

Which of the following occurs during ventricular systole?

Increased aortic pressure

Which of the following occurs during ventricular diastole?

Increased ventricular volume

The innermost layer of a blood vessel is lined with?

Simple squamous cells

Angiotension can directly cause the release of ______ from the adrenal cortex

Aldosterone

Cardiac output is the product of?

HR and stroke volume

Pulmonary edema is most likely associated with a failing

Left Ventricle

Which of the following is the first branch off the aortic arch?

Brachiocephalic

The braciocephalic artery divides to form the right common carotid and the?

Right Subclavian Artery

Which of the following arteries creates the left spenic, hepatic, and gastric arteries?

Celiac Artery

Which of the following is NOT considered a major branch off the descending thoracic aorta?

Renal Artery

Major branches off the descending thoracic aorta

Mediastinal, bronchial, posterior

Which of the following is NOT considered a major branch of the femoral artery?

Deep circumflex iliac artery

Major branches off the femoral artery

Superficial pudendal, Deep external pudendal, Superficial circumflex iliac

Which of the following is NOT considered a tributary of the portal vein?

Subclavian Vein

Inside the cranial cavity the vertebral arteries form the?

Basilar artery

Pulse pressure is considered the?

Difference between the systolic and diastolic pressure

_____ nerves can be found joining the SA and AV nodes in the heart

Accelerator

Deoxygenated blood returning from the body

Enters the heart at the right atrium, and is pumped to the lungs by the right ventricle.

Oxygenated blood returns

To the heart at the left atrium and is pumped to the body by the left ventricle

Pathway of blood through the heart

superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, right atrium, tricuspid valve, right ventricle, pulmonary artery, lung capillaries, pulmonary vein, left atrium, mitral valve, left ventricle, aorta

AV valves

(Tricuspid of the right and bicuspid on the left) separate the atria and ventricles

Semilunar valves

(Pulmonary on the right and aortic on the left) separate the ventricles and arteries

Veins

Always return blood to the heart and carry deoxygenated blood (except for pulmonary veins, which returns blood from the lungs to the heart)

Arteries

Always carry blood away from the heart and carry oxygenated blood (except for pulmonary arteries)

The cardiac muscle cell action potential

Is prolonged by the opening of voltage-gated calcium channels

Cardiac Muscle is a functional syncytium

Cells are connected by intercalated disks, which contain gap junctions

Gap Junctions

Are electrical synapses that easily allow the transmission of the action potential, and thus contraction to speed from cell to cell

Systemic blood pressure is directly proportional to?

Cardiac output and to peripheral resistance

Blood is approximately

55% plasma, 40-45% erythrocytes, and 1% leukocytes and platelets

ABO and Rh antigens

On the surface of erythrocytes determine blood type

Oxygen is transported in the blood

Bound to hemoglobin, a protein in RBCs

Carbon Dioxide is transported in the blood

Primarily as bicarbonate ion, some also bind to hemoglobin

Resistance in a circuit is generally measured in units of?

W

Which of the following is the correct expression of Ohm's Law?

I=V/R

Current

I= Q/t ---> charge/time

Resistance

R= V/I ---> voltage/resulting current

1 ampere equals?

1 coulomb/second

To increase the brightness of a desk lamp a student replaces 50 W light bulb with a 100 W light bulb. Compared to the 60 W light bulb, the 100 W light bulb has?

Less resistance and draws more current

Current

Watts/Volts

Rate of Power

Joules/Time (s)

Power dissipated by a resistor

P=(I^2)(R)

Power

P= energy/time

Energy equals

power x time

A high resistance is connected in series with the internal coil of a galvanometer to make?

A voltmeter

In a transformer, two coils are wound around a common iron core. To operate properly the transformers requires?

An alternating current source connecting to the primary coil