environmental science

environment

The complex of physical, chemical, biotic factors that act upon an

organism or an ecological community and ultimately determine its

form and survival. (Britannica)

The air, water, and land in or on which people, animals, and plants

live. (Cambridge Dictionary)

science

-is an organized body of knowledge based on natural facts of life. It is developed through research and experimentation.

formal
social
natural

Branches of Science

physical
biological
chemistry

types of natural science

environmental science

-is an interdisciplinary field that studies environmental problems and human impacts by examining the interactions of Earth’s land, water, air, and living organisms.

forestry and agricultural science
atmospheric science
geoscience
oceanography and marine science
environmental chemistry

COMPONENTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

environmentalism

-is a political and ethical movement that aims to protect nature by changing harmful human activities and promoting sustainable ways of living.

raising awareness
building skills and capacity
encouraging participation

OBJECTIVES OF ENVIRONMENTALISM

raising awareness

-Educating the public on the consequences of human activities on the environment and promoting understanding of ecological concepts.

encouraging

-Mobilizing individuals and communities to support conservation initiatives and advocate for environmental policies

building skills and capacity

-Empowers people to make a positive difference.

scientific method

-is a systematic process of testing and experimentation to establish facts and create knowledge, limited to questions that can be proven or disproven.

falsification theory

-proving something wrong

validation theory

-Supporting a Theory or a Hypothesis

ORTFAS

THE STEPS OF SCIENTIFIC METHODS

observe and question

-observe and ask questions about something you want to learn or understand.

research

-research existing knowledge to see if the question has already been studied and to gather information about the topic

Doing research into what is already know about the

topic.

Finding if anyone has already asked the

same question.

Read as much as you can about your particular subject

to see what you can find out about.

formulate hypothesis

Make a guess base on your observation or base from your background research.

It is an explanation for the observation or question.

A hypothesis is a theory that you can test to see if your prediction is right or

wrong. If proven later, it can become a fact.

testable
falsifiable
specific

Remember that a hypothesis should be:

hypothesis

is a theory that you can test to see if your prediction is right or

wrong. If proven later, it can become a fact.

test your hypothesis

The test should establish a noticeable change that can be

measured or observe using empirical analysis.

It is also important to control for other variables

during the test.

variable

Identify the independent variable (what you change - water, surface type), dependent

variable (what you measure - plant health, spread distance), and controlled variables

(what you keep the same - coffee amount, temperature.

replication

Repeat the experiment multiple times to ensure the results are consistent and not due to random chance.

safety

Always consider safety precautions when designing and conducting experiments.

analyze and conclude

Use the metrics established before the test to see if the results match the prediction This stage of the scientific method can be repeated as many times as necessary until you find the right hypothesis and tes method to find accurate results.

share your result

Document the result of your experiment. By

sharing the results with others, you also increase the

total body of knowledge available. Your

experiment may have also led to other questions, or

if your hypothesis is disproven you may need to

create new one and test that.

experimental design

-helps researchers test cause-and-effect relationships with strong internal validity, though external validity may be limited, and it must be reproducible for others to verify results.

true experiments
quasi experiment
pre experiment|
non experiment

TYPES OF EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN

true experiment

the most reliable design that uses random assignment to provide strong evidence of causeand-effect.

quasi experiment

lack random assignment, but are used when true experiments are not possible.

pre experiment

the weakest design with little control, giving the least reliable evidence of cause-and-effect.

non experiment

does not manipulate variables or use random assignment, so it cannot prove cause-and-effect relationships.