Unit 5 (nucleic acids)

two major functions of DNA

-stores genetic info

-transmits genetic info to other molecules from 1 generation to the next

three parts of a nucleotide

-base

-5 carbon sugar

-phosphate

four nitrogen bases found in DNA

adenine

Guanine

Thymine

Cytosine

purines

-adenine and guanine

-double ringed nitrogenous base

Pyrimidines

-thymine and cytosine

-nitrogenous base that is single ringed

Nucleotides are joined together by what bonds

phosphodiester

Two parts of the nucleotide that form the backbone of dna

phosphate group and deoxyribose sugar

Directionality

one end differs from the other

How can you distinguish the 5’ end and the 3’ end

3’ end has a free hydroxyl and 5’ has a free phosphate

What part of the nucleotide contains the genetic info in dna

The nitrogenous base

Shape of molecule of DNA

Double helix

Number of molecules of A=

T

Number of molecules of G=

C

Where are the nitrogen bases located in dna molecules

on the inside of the dna structure

Antiparrallel

run in opposite directions

One strand of dna runs 5’-3’ direction and the other runs

3’-5’ direction

Nitrogen base pairs

A and T

G and C

Complementary

to form specific pairs like A and T and G and C

What bonds form between the base pairs and how many

Hydrogen bonds

A and T=2

G and C=3

Complementary sequence for the DNA sequence

5’-ATGC-3’

3’-TACG-5’

Sugar in dna vs rna

Deoxyribose and ribose

What’s longer dna or rna

DNA

DNA and rna which is double and which is single

single is rna

Double is dna

DNA and rna monomers are linked by what type of bond

Phosphodiester (covalent)

RNA purpose

Intermediate between dna and protein during protein synthesis

In rna what does U replace

T

Is uracil a purine or pyrimidine

-replaces T

-pairs with A

Central dogma

dna—>rna—>protein

AG are

purines

TCU

pyrimidines

Phosphodiester bond

Holds together sugar (deoxyribose)

Enzymes do what at the start of DNA replication

break hydrogen bonds

Eukaryote

dna in nucleus

Prokaryote

dna floats in 1 chromosome in cytoplasm

Phosphates have what charges

Negative

Why does DNA have a negative charge 

the phosphate on the nucleic acid is negative 

Nucleic Acids elements

CHONP

ATP

-energy source

-most related to nucleic acids

ATP turns into what and how does it turn back into ATP

ADP when it is broken down for energy 

Turns back into ATP when cellular respiration occurs 

How is ATP created

Out of the three phosphate sugars, the bond between the last two is broken for energy because it is unstable