Ear and Nose

What are the main divisions of the upper limb?

"Shoulder, Arm, Forearm, and Hand."

Which bones make up the shoulder girdle?

The scapula (shoulder blade) and the clavicle (collarbone).

What bone forms the arm?

The humerus.

Which bones form the forearm?

The radius and ulna.

What bones form the shoulder joint?

"The clavicle, scapula, and proximal end of the humerus."

What are the three joints of the shoulder?

"Sternoclavicular, Acromioclavicular, and Glenohumeral joints."

What are the superficial muscles of the shoulder?

Trapezius and Deltoid.

What are the intermediate muscles of the shoulder?

"Levator scapulae, Rhomboid minor, and Rhomboid major."

Which muscles form the rotator cuff?

"Subscapularis, Supraspinatus, Infraspinatus, and Teres minor."

What is the origin of the deltoid muscle?

"Inferior edge of the crest of the spine of the scapula, lateral margin of acromion, and anterior border of the lateral surface of the clavicle."

Where does the deltoid insert?

Deltoid tuberosity of the humerus.

What is the innervation of the deltoid muscle?

"Axillary nerve (C5, C6)."

What is the origin and insertion of the subscapularis muscle?

Origin: Subscapular fossa. Insertion: Lesser tubercle of humerus.

What innervates the subscapularis muscle?

"Upper and lower subscapular nerves (C5, C6, C7)."

What is the origin and insertion of the supraspinatus muscle?

Origin: Supraspinous fossa of scapula. Insertion: Greater tubercle of humerus.

What innervates the supraspinatus muscle?

"Suprascapular nerve (C5, C6)."

What is the origin and insertion of the infraspinatus muscle?

Origin: Infraspinous fossa of scapula. Insertion: Greater tubercle of humerus.

What innervates the infraspinatus muscle?

"Suprascapular nerve (C5, C6)."

What is the origin and insertion of the teres minor?

Origin: Posterior surface of scapula. Insertion: Greater tubercle of humerus.

What innervates the teres minor?

"Axillary nerve (C5, C6)."

What does the suprascapular nerve innervate?

Supraspinatus and infraspinatus muscles.

What does the axillary nerve innervate?

Deltoid and teres minor muscles.

What are the main arteries supplying the shoulder?

"Suprascapular artery, posterior circumflex humeral artery, and circumflex scapular artery."

Which veins drain the shoulder region?

Basilic vein and subclavian vein.

What forms the anterior wall of the axilla?

"Pectoralis major, pectoralis minor, and subclavius."

What forms the medial wall of the axilla?

Serratus anterior.

What forms the lateral wall of the axilla?

Intertubercular sulcus of the humerus.

What forms the posterior wall of the axilla?

"Subscapularis, latissimus dorsi, teres major, and long head of triceps brachii."

What is the function and innervation of serratus anterior?

Function: Protracts and rotates scapula. Innervation: Long thoracic nerve.

What is the function and innervation of teres major?

"Function: Medially rotates and extends arm. Innervation: Inferior subscapular nerve (C5, C6)."

What is the function and innervation of the long head of triceps brachii?

"Function: Extends forearm at elbow. Innervation: Radial nerve (C5, C6)."

What muscles are in the anterior compartment of the arm?

"Coracobrachialis, Brachialis, and Biceps brachii (supplied by musculocutaneous nerve)."

What muscles are in the posterior compartment of the arm?

Triceps brachii (supplied by radial nerve).

What is the function and innervation of coracobrachialis?

"Function: Flexes and adducts arm at glenohumeral joint. Innervation: Musculocutaneous nerve (C5, C6, C7)."

What are the origins of the biceps brachii?

Long head: Supraglenoid tubercle of scapula; Short head: Coracoid process.

Where does the biceps brachii insert?

Tuberosity of radius.

What are the functions of the biceps brachii?

"Flexor of forearm, supinator of forearm, and flexor of arm at shoulder."

What innervates the biceps brachii?

"Musculocutaneous nerve (C5, C6)."

What is the function and innervation of the brachialis?

"Function: Powerful flexor of forearm at elbow. Innervation: Musculocutaneous nerve (C5, C6)."

What are the origins of the triceps brachii?

Long head: Infraglenoid tubercle of scapula; Medial and lateral heads: Posterior surface of humerus.

Where does the triceps brachii insert?

Olecranon of ulna.

What is the function and innervation of triceps brachii?

"Function: Extension of forearm at elbow joint. Innervation: Radial nerve (C6, C7, C8)."

What arteries supply the arm?

Brachial artery (anterior compartment) and profunda brachii artery (posterior compartment).

Which veins drain the arm?

"Paired brachial veins, basilic vein, and cephalic vein."

What are the articulations of the elbow joint?

Trochlear notch of ulna with trochlea of humerus; Head of radius with capitulum of humerus and radial notch of ulna.

What are the contents of the cubital fossa?

"Tendon of biceps brachii, brachial artery, and median nerve."

Which vein is most commonly used for venipuncture?

Median cubital vein.

What are the subdivisions of the hand?

"Wrist (8 carpals), Metacarpus (5 metacarpals), and Digits (phalanges)."

Which arteries supply the hand?

Radial artery (lateral) and ulnar artery (medial).

Which superficial veins drain the hand?

Cephalic vein (lateral) and basilic vein (medial).

What forms the brachial plexus?

Anterior rami of C5-C8 and T1 spinal nerves.

Where does the brachial plexus originate and pass?

"Originates in the neck, passes over the first rib, and enters the axilla."

What are the five parts of the brachial plexus?

"Roots, Trunks, Divisions, Cords, and Branches."

What mnemonic helps remember the brachial plexus order?

Randy Travis Drinks Cold Beverages.

What is carpal tunnel syndrome?

"Entrapment of the median nerve within the carpal tunnel, causing compression due to overuse or poor posture."

What clinical condition can arise from T1 involvement in the brachial plexus?

Klumpke's palsy leading to Horner's syndrome.

What are the three main parts of the ear?

"External ear, Middle ear, and Inner ear."

What structures make up the external ear?

"Auricle, external acoustic meatus, and tympanic membrane."

What is the function of the auricle?

"Surrounds the entrance to the external acoustic meatus, protects the canal, and provides directional sensitivity."

Where does the external acoustic meatus end?

At the tympanic membrane (eardrum).

What is the function of the tympanic membrane?

Separates the external ear from the middle ear and transmits sound vibrations.

What do ceruminous glands secrete?

Waxy material called cerumen (earwax).

What is another name for the middle ear?

Tympanic cavity.

How does the middle ear communicate with the nasopharynx?

Through the auditory tube (Eustachian tube).

What is the function of the auditory tube?

Equalizes pressure on either side of the tympanic membrane.

What are the three auditory ossicles?

"Malleus (hammer), Incus (anvil), and Stapes (stirrup)."

What is the function of the auditory ossicles?

Conduct vibrations from the tympanic membrane to the inner ear.

What are the two openings in the middle ear?

Round window and oval window.

What is the function of the round window?

Separates perilymph from the air spaces of the middle ear.

What is the function of the oval window?

Transmits vibrations from the stapes to the inner ear.

What is the function of the tensor tympani muscle?

Stiffens the tympanic membrane.

What is the function of the stapedius muscle?

Reduces movement of the stapes at the oval window.

What fluid does the inner ear contain?

Endolymph.

What structure surrounds and protects the membranous labyrinth?

Bony labyrinth.

What are the three main parts of the inner ear?

"Vestibule, Semicircular canals, and Cochlea."

What does the vestibule contain?

Saccule and utricle.

What is the function of the vestibule?

Provides sensations of gravity and linear acceleration.

What is the function of the semicircular canals?

Detect rotation of the head.

What is the function of the cochlea?

Contains the cochlear duct; provides the sense of hearing.

What are the receptors in the inner ear called?

Hair cells.

What happens when stereocilia bend toward the kinocilium?

The hair cell is depolarized and stimulates the sensory neuron.

What happens when stereocilia bend away from the kinocilium?

The hair cell is inhibited and the sensory neuron is not stimulated.

What directs sensations of motion?

Superior colliculi of the midbrain.

What is nystagmus?

Uncontrolled eye movements due to damage to the brainstem or inner ear.

What fluid does the scala vestibuli and scala tympani contain?

Perilymph.

What fluid does the cochlear duct contain?

Endolymph.

What structure in the cochlea contains the sensory receptors for hearing?

The spiral organ (Organ of Corti).

What membrane lies over the hair cells in the cochlea?

Tectorial membrane.

Where are the maculae located?

In the utricle and saccule.

What are otoliths composed of?

Statoconia and a gelatinous layer.

What is vertigo?

A sensation of dizziness or spinning due to dysfunction in the inner ear or vestibular system.

What are the types of vertigo?

"Peripheral (inner ear), Central (brainstem/cerebellum), and Systemic (cardiovascular/metabolic)."

What tests are used to assess vestibulocochlear nerve function?

Rinne test and Weber test.

What are the main functions of the external nose?

"Warms, moistens, and filters air; increases surface area; acts as a resonating cavity for voice."

What bones form the nasal skeleton?

"Frontal bone, maxilla, ethmoid, inferior nasal concha, vomer, and palatine bones."

What forms the floor of the nasal cavity?

Palatine process of maxilla and horizontal plate of palatine bone.

What divides the nasal cavity?

The nasal septum.

What are the three conchae of the nasal cavity?

"Superior, middle, and inferior conchae."

What is a meatus?

The space below each concha in the nasal cavity.

What opens into the inferior meatus?

The nasolacrimal duct.