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Photosynthesis
removes CO₂ from the atmosphere
Respiration
returns CO₂ to the atmosphere
Decomposition
releases CO₂ from organic matter
Fossil fuel combustion
major human source of increasing CO₂
Ocean CO₂ absorption
causes acidification (carbonic acid formation)
Nitrogen fixation
N₂ → NH₄⁺ by bacteria or lightning
Nitrification
NH₄⁺ → NO₂⁻ → NO₃⁻ by bacteria
Assimilation
plants take up NO₃⁻ or NH₄⁺
Ammonification
organic nitrogen → NH₄⁺ via decomposers
Denitrification
NO₃⁻ → N₂ gas returned to atmosphere
Human nitrogen impacts
fertilizer runoff, algal blooms, dead zones, acid rain