operating system class 8

Define operating system

An operating system is a program that acts as an interface between the user and the computer hardware and controls the execution of all kinds of programs.

List some important functions of an operating system.

Important functions of an operating system include:

* Memory Management

* Processor Management

* Device Management

* File Management

* Security

* Control over system performance

* Job accounting

* Error detecting aids

* Coordination between other software and users

How are Operating Systems classified based on the interface?

Operating Systems are further classified into two types based on their interface:

* Character User Interface Operating System (CUI)

* Graphical User Interface Operating System (GUI)

What is a Character User Interface (CUI) operating system?

The CUI operating system is a text-based operating system, which is used for interacting with the software or files by typing commands to perform specific tasks

What is a Graphical User Interface (GUI) operating system?

A Graphical User Interface (GUI) operating system is a mouse-based operating system (e.g., Windows, Linux, UNIX) where a user performs tasks or operations without typing commands from the keyboard. The files or icons can be opened or closed by clicking them with a mouse button. A GUI denotes a collection of computer programs that utilize a computer's graphic capabilities to make programs easier to use. Graphical interfaces obviate the need for users to learn programming languages and command codes through a keyboard.

Enlist the important features of a GUI.

A graphical user interface contains six important features, including:

* Pointer: A pointing device moves on a display screen that a user moves to select commands, programs, and objects.

* Pointing Device: The computer hardware that moves the pointer. A pointing device moves synchronously with the pointer program.

* Icons: Small pictures that represent computer programs, files, and commands.

* Desktop: The display area of the screen that allows users to view various programs. Desktop icons can be moved, organized, and labeled to fit the customer's needs.

* Windows: Display a computer screen into different areas. Each window displays a different computer program or the same program performing different functions.

* Menus: Allow users to select various programs to run.

Differentiate between GUI and CUI.

Feature | GUI | CUI |

|---|---|---|

| User Interaction | It is a user interface which user interact with applications by making use of graphics. | CUI stands for Character User Interface. In CUI, a user has to interact with the applications by making use of commands. |

| Multitasking | In GUI, more than one task can run simultaneously. | In CUI, only one task can run at a time. |

| Input Method | The user interacts by pointing the applications using devices like a mouse. | The user interacts by typing instructions using a keyboard. |

| Ease of Use | It is a very user-friendly interface. | Everything is done by using commands. |

| Examples | Windows, Linux | DOS, Unix |

Which type of operating system requires users to learn programming languages and command codes?

Character User Interface (CUI) operating systems require users to learn programming languages and command codes.

What is the purpose of "Windows" in a GUI?

In a GUI, "Windows" display a computer screen into different areas. Each window can display a different computer program or the same program performing different functions, allowing for better organization and multitasking.

What is a Stand-alone Operating System?

A stand-alone operating system is a complete operating system that works on a desktop or notebook computer.

Explain what a Network Operating System (NOS) is.

A network operating system (also called network OS or NOS) is an operating system that supports a network. A network is a collection of computers and devices connected via communications media and devices such as cables, telephone lines, and modems. In some networks, the server is the computer that controls access to the hardware and software on a network and provides a centralized storage area. Other computers on the network, called clients, rely on the server(s) for resources.

Name the four general types of operating systems based on the applications they support.

operating systems are generally four types:

* Single-user Operating System

* Multi-user Operating System

* Multiprocessing Operating System

* Multi-tasking Operating System

* Real-time Operating System (RTOS)

Define a Single-user Operating System and provide an example.

A Single-user Operating System is the initial version of Operating System, where operating systems can support only single user at a time. Examples include Windows 3.1, Windows 95, and MS DOS.

What is a Multi-user Operating System? Give examples.

A Multi-user Operating System is a multi-user operating system that allows many different users to take advantage of the computer's resources simultaneously. Examples include LINUX, UNIX, and Windows 2000.

What is a Multiprocessing Operating System?

A Multiprocessing Operating System supports more than one processor simultaneously and manages to allocate tasks between them. An example is Windows XP UNIX.

Explain Multi-tasking Operating System.

A Multi-tasking Operating System can perform more than one task at a time by making use of common processing resources like a CPU. Examples are Windows XP UNIX.

What is a Real-time Operating System (RTOS)?

Real-time Operating Systems (RTOS) are operating systems used to control machinery, scientific instruments, and industrial systems and have the capability to prioritize the processes and minimize the execution time.

describe Microsoft Windows.

Microsoft Windows is an operating system that began in the mid-1980s. Over the years, there have been many different versions, including Windows 7 (2009), Windows 8 (2012), and Windows 10 (2015). It is the most popular operating system in the world, pre-loaded on most new PCs.

What is Mac OS X?

Mac OS X is a line of operating systems created by Apple for computers called Macintosh computers, or Mac. All of the recent versions are known as OS X (pronounced OS Ten), with recent versions including El Capitan (2015), Sierra (2016), High Sierra (2017), Mountain Lion (2012), and Lion (2011). Mac OS X users account for less than 10% of global operating systems, but many people prefer its look and feel over Windows, despite Apple computers tending to be more expensive.

Explain what Linux is.

Linux is a family of open-source operating systems, meaning they can be modified and distributed by anyone around the world. This is different from proprietary software (like Windows) which can only be modified by the company that owns it. Linux offers many different distributions or versions to choose from.

Which operating system is considered the most popular globally?

Microsoft Windows is considered the most popular operating system globally.

What is a key characteristic of Linux regarding its source code and distribution?

Linux is an open-source operating system, meaning its source code can be modified and distributed by anyone around the world, unlike proprietary software.

Why might some users prefer Mac OS X over Windows, despite the higher cost?

Many people prefer the look and feel of Mac OS X over Windows, even though Apple computers tend to be more expensive.

What is BOSS and what is its significance?

BOSS (Bharat Operating System Solutions) is the first version of an Open Source Operating System developed by C-DAC in India.

How do operating systems for mobile devices differ from those for desktops/laptops?

While operating systems for desktops and laptops are designed to run on those devices, mobile device operating systems (like those for phones, tablet computers, and MP3 players) are different from desktop and laptop computer software. Mobile OS are designed especially for mobile devices and are often capable of running all the same software.

Give examples of mobile operating systems mentioned in the text.

Examples of mobile operating systems include Apple iOS and Google Android.

Summarize the definition of an Operating System from the recap

An Operating System is a system software that manages the computer hardware and software resources and provides common services for computer programs.

List the key functions of an Operating System as per the recap.

The key functions of an Operating System are:

* Memory Management

* Device Management

* Processor Management

* File Management

* Job scheduling

* Error detection and security

How are operating systems classified based on user interaction interfaces?

Based on user interaction, the operating system is classified into two: GUI (Graphical User Interface) Operating System and CUI (Character User Interface) Operating System.

Name the types of Operating Systems discussed in the chapter.

The types of Operating Systems are:

* Single-user

* Multi-user

* Multi-tasking

* Multiprocessing

* Real-time

Which type of operating system supports a network?

An operating system that supports a network is called a Network Operating System.

What kind of operating system works on a standalone system?

A Standalone operating system works on a standalone system like a desktop.

What makes Linux an open-source software?

Linux is an open-source software which can be freely modified and redistributed.