Glycolysis Vocabulary

Flashcards covering key vocabulary and concepts from the Glycolysis lectures.

Glycolysis

A metabolic pathway that converts glucose into pyruvate, producing ATP and NADH.

Preparatory Phase

The initial phase of glycolysis where glucose is phosphorylated and converted to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, requiring ATP investment. Steps 1-5.

Payoff Phase

The second phase of glycolysis where ATP and NADH are produced, and pyruvate is the end product. Steps 6-10.

Hexokinase

The enzyme that catalyzes the first step of glycolysis, phosphorylating glucose to glucose 6-phosphate.

Phosphohexose Isomerase

The enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of glucose 6-phosphate to fructose 6-phosphate in glycolysis.

Phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1)

The enzyme that catalyzes the phosphorylation of fructose 6-phosphate to fructose 1,6-bisphosphate, a key regulatory step in glycolysis.

Aldolase

The enzyme that cleaves fructose 1,6-bisphosphate into glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P) and dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP).

Triose Phosphate Isomerase

The enzyme that interconverts dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P).

Glyceraldehyde 3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase

The enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation and phosphorylation of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate to 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate, producing NADH.

Phosphoglycerate Kinase

The enzyme that transfers a phosphate group from 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate to ADP, forming ATP and 3-phosphoglycerate.

Phosphoglycerate Mutase

The enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of 3-phosphoglycerate to 2-phosphoglycerate.

Enolase

The enzyme that catalyzes the dehydration of 2-phosphoglycerate to phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP).

Pyruvate Kinase

The enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group from phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) to ADP, forming ATP and pyruvate.

Fructose 2,6-bisphosphate

A regulatory molecule that activates phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1) and inhibits fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase, influencing glycolysis and gluconeogenesis.

Glucokinase

A hexokinase isoform primarily found in the liver that is inducible by insulin and not inhibited by glucose-6-phosphate, playing a role in maintaining blood glucose levels.

Metal-ion catalysis

A catalytic process that uses a metal ion to stabilize transition states, shield charges, or generate nucleophiles. Most commonly, we will be using Mg2+.

Substrate-level phosphorylation

The formation of ATP by the direct transfer of a phosphoryl group from a phosphorylated intermediate to ADP.

Warburg Effect

The observation that cancer cells tend to favor glycolysis over oxidative phosphorylation, even in the presence of oxygen.

2,3-BPG

A metabolite in the glycolytic pathway that helps regulate oxygen release from hemoglobin by affecting its affinity for oxygen. It acts as an allosteric effector, stabilizing the deoxygenated form of hemoglobin.