Kins exams 3

What are the Macronutrients?

Protein, lipids, carbohydrate, and water

How do we measure energy intake?

• retrospective methods

• prospective methods

Retrospective methods

• Diet History

  • usual tool of dietician

• Food frequency questionnaires (FFQ)

  • Qualitative

• 24-hour recall

  • quick, easy, high participation, does not influence choices

  • memory errors

prospective method

• weighted inventory

• Food diary using household measures

what is a supplement?

Manufactured product intended to supplement a person's diet by taking a pill, capsule, tablet, powder, or liquid (not licensed medicine)

Purpose of supplements

• ensure adequacy

• prevent/treat illness (cannot legally claim this on the package or advertising)

• improve athletic performance

What should those supporting athletes consider?

• Assess the consequences

  • 4 yr bar from sport, loss of income from sponsors, removal from training group, loss of reputation

• Assess the risk

  • is the supplement batch-tested, is it on informed-sport

• Assess the need

  • is the gap in performance nutrition related

what is biomechanics

study of structure and function of human beings using principles and methods of mechanic pf physics and engineering

Biomechanics uses:

• anatomy

• motor control

• physics

• Exercise physiology

• engineering

statics

investigates bodies, masses and forces at rest or in equilibrium

dynamics

investigates bodies, masses and forces in motion

internal forces

• forces which act within the object or system

• organs, bones, muscles, tendons, ligaments, cartilage, other tissue

external forces

• forces which act on any object as a result of the interaction with the environment surrounding it

  • contact (touching)

goals of biomechanics

• understand how the basic laws of physics affect human motion and the structure and function of the human body

• understand the relationships between mechanical laws and movement techniques of specific movement to improve the outcome or effectiveness of the movement

• understand the interaction between the human user and the mechanics of equipment or assistive devices to improve performance and well-bein

areas of study in biomechanics

• developmental biomechanics

• sport and exercise biomechanics

• rehabilitative biomechanics

• occupational biomechanics

developmental biomechanics

The study of the effects of externally applied forces on the musculoskeletal system during early life

performance improvement

• improvement in technique

• improvement in equipment

• improvement in training

improvement in technique

• correct actions of athlete / individual to improve execution of skill

• discover new techniques to be implemented

improvement in equipment

• improved design for equipment

• shoe/apparel

improvement in training

• modifications in training improvements in performance

injury prevention and rehabilitation

• reduce injury techniques

• reduce injury through equipment design

reduce injury techniques

altering technique of movement to prevent / reduce injury

reduce injury through equipment

influencing the design of equipment to reduce injuries or speed up recovery

Length SI unit

meters (m)

• how far individual ran

Time SI units

seconds (s)

• performance measure

Mass / Inertia

Kilograms (kg)

speed

rate of distance traveled (length / time)

velocity

rate of displacement measured at an instant of time (time / second)

Force (Newton, N)

push or pull expressed as [unit of mass x unite of length] / (unites of time )²

sport and exercise biomechanics

the study of the mechanical principles of human movement and how they apply to sports performance

rehabilitative biomechanics

the study and application of mechanical laws to human movement, specifically targeting injury recovery and physical therapy

occupational biomechanics

the study of forces acting on and generated in the body due to workstation design, workplace equipment, and job tasks

motor behavior

the study of how motor skills are learned, developed and controlled

motor learning

acquisition of motor skills as a result of practice and experience - a relatively permanent change in the ability to execute a motor skill

motor control

• an area of natural science exploring how the central nervous system (CNA) produces purposeful, coordinated movements in its interaction with the rest of the body and with the environment

• Ability to regulate mechanisms essential to movement

production of movement

• complex phemomenon

• psychology, cognitive science, biomechanics, neuroscience

motor skills

tasks that require voluntary control over movements of the joints and body segments

Fits and Posner

• cognitive

• associative

• autonomous stage

cognitive

• the task goals are established and used to determine the appropriate sequence of actions to achieve the desired goal

• use of knowledge

associative

attention may be focused on specific details of the sequence, determining the appropriate subparts and transition

autonomous stage

the action is practiced to hone performance into an automatized routine

Central nervous system (CNS)

brain and spinal cord

peripheral nervous system (PNS)

nerves and other types of supporting cells which run throughout the rest of the body

brain stem

autonomic processes like breathing and heart rate

cerebellum

balance and coordination of movement

cerebral hemisphere

sensory perception, information processing, memory, learning, decision making

cerebrum

the location of conscious thought processes and the origin of intellectual functions

lobes of the cerebrum

• frontal lobe

• parietal lobe

• temporal lobe

• occipital lobe

functional areas of the cerebrum

• motor areas - control voluntary motor functions

• sensory areas - provide conscious awareness of sensation

• association areas - integrate and store information

Association areas

• premotor cortex

• somatosensory association area

• auditory association area

• visual association area

• wenicke’s area

premotor cortex

processes motor information and coordinates learned skilled motor activities; located in frontal lobe

somatosensory association area

integrates and interprets sensory information; located in parietal lobe

auditory association area

interprets characteristics of sound and stores memories of sound; located within temporal lobe

visual association area

processes visual information; located in the occipital lobe

wernicke’s area

recognizes and comprehends spoken and written language; located within left hemisphere

motor areas

• primary motor cortex

• motor speech area

• frontal eye field

primary motor cortex

controls voluntary skeletal muscle activity

motor speech area

controls muscular movements necessary for vocalization

frontal eye field

controls and regulates eye movements and binocular vision

ascending tracts

information to brain - posterior, ascending and lateral columns

descending tracks

information to brain - ascending and lateral columns

upper motor neurons

located in the cerebral cortex or brain stem

lower motor neurons

located in the spinal cord; terminals extend all the way to the muscle fibers and tendons

success in performance

• technique

• tactic/strategy

• physical condition

• lifestyle

• mental toughness

mental toughness

an athlete’s ability to perform despite the presence of distractions

sport and exercise psychology for performance

• stress in sport

• inverted U theory

• Zone of optimal functioning theory

• sport and exercise psychology

psychological response to stress

• increased muscular tension

• increased metabolism

• low self-esteem

• depression

behavioral responses to stress

• irritability

• fortgerfullness

• withdrawal

• approaches confrontation

Theoretical approaches

• inverted U hypothesis

• Zone of optimal functioning (ZOF)

inverted u theory

• relationship between arousal levels and performance

• too much arousal can lead to a decrease in performance

individual zones of optimal functioning model

• athlete’s performance is successful when his or er pre-completion anxiety is at an individually optimal zone

sport and exercise psychology

• understanding experiences related to wellbeing and performance in sport and exercise

four clusters

• biopsychological descriptors - who people are

• external variables - there people are

• psychological skills - what people might do to regulate themselves or others

• applied sport and exercise psychology practice - how practice is defined

internal variables

• descriptive attributes and processes

• psychological skills

motivation

a driving force or forces responsible for the initiation, persistence, direction, and vigor of goal-directed behavior

stages of change

• pre-contemplation - not thinking of changing behavior

• Contemplation -thinking about being active

• preparation - doing some activity

• action - regularly active

• maintenance - staying active for at least 6 months