AP EURO KEY TERMS TIME PERIOD II

royal absolutism

A political doctrine in which a monarch holds absolute power, free from any checks or balances, often justified by divine right.

Cardinal Richelieu

was a French clergyman and statesman who served as Chief Minister to King Louis XIII, where he strengthened the power of the monarchy and centralized state authority.

Louis XIV

King of France known for establishing absolute monarchy and the phrase "L'état, c'est moi". He reigned from 1643 to 1715 and built the Palace of Versailles.

Cardinal Mazarin

The successor to Cardinal Richelieu as Chief Minister to Louis XIV, he played a crucial role in consolidating royal power and managing the state during the king's youth.

divine right of kings

The political doctrine that monarchs derive their authority directly from God, and are not accountable to their subjects.

Versailles

The royal residence established by King Louis XIV, known for its opulent architecture and gardens, serving as the political center of France.

Jean-Baptiste Colbert

French statesman and minister of finance under Louis XIV, known for his policies of mercantilism and centralization of the economy.

mercantilism

An economic theory favoring government regulation of a nation's economy to enhance state power, characterized by the accumulation of wealth through a positive trade balance.

French East India Company

A trading company established in the 17th century to compete with British and Dutch trading companies in the Indian Ocean.

Edict of Nantes

A law issued in 1598 by Henry IV of France that granted religious tolerance to the Huguenots, allowing them to practice their faith and maintain their rights within a predominantly Catholic nation.

William of Orange

A Protestant leader who became King of England, Scotland, and Ireland after the Glorious Revolution in 1688, establishing constitutional monarchy.

War of Spanish Succession

A major European conflict (1701-1714) over the disputed succession to the Spanish throne, which involved many European powers and ultimately ended with the Treaty of Utrecht.

Treaty of Utrecht

A series of agreements that ended the War of Spanish Succession in 1713, redistributing territories in Europe and confirming Philip V as King of Spain.

England

A kingdom that played a central role in European politics during the War of Spanish Succession, emerging with significant territorial gains from the Treaty of Utrecht.

Stuart dynasty

The royal family that ruled England and Scotland during the late 16th to early 18th centuries. They faced significant challenges, including civil wars and political conflicts.

King James VI of Scotland

The first monarch of both England and Scotland, he became King of England in 1603, uniting the crowns of the two nations.

House of Commons

The lower house of Parliament in the United Kingdom, responsible for making and passing laws. It plays a critical role in scrutinizing the government and represents the electorate.

House of Lords

The upper house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, consisting of appointed life peers, bishops, and hereditary peers.

Puritans

A group of English Protestants seeking to purify the Church of England from Catholic practices, prominent in the 16th and 17th centuries.

Charles I

The king of England from 1625 until his execution in 1649, known for his conflicts with Parliament and belief in the divine right of kings.

tonnage and poundage

A form of revenue tax historically granted to the English monarch by Parliament on imported goods.

Petition of Rights

A constitutional document passed by the English Parliament in 1628, limiting the king's power by prohibiting unlawful imprisonment and taxation without consent.

Personal Rule of Charles

I, also known as the Eleven Years' Tyranny, refers to the period from 1629 to 1640 when Charles I ruled without Parliament, leading to increased tensions and eventual conflict.

national covenant

Short and Long Parliaments

A parliament that remains in session for an extended period, typically over a year, and has significant authority to enact laws and policies.

Grand Remonstrance

641 document by the English Parliament that detailed grievances against King Charles I, demanding reform in governance and highlighting Parliament's role, ultimately contributing to the English Civil War.

English Revolution

Oliver Cromwell

The Commonwealth

Independents vs. Presbyterians

Charles II

James II

Glorious Revolution

The English Bill of Rights

The Act of Toleration

The Netherlands

Dutch War for Independence Bank of Amsterdam

Dutch East India Company joint-stock companies

Golden Age

House of Orange

William of Nassau

Jan Vermeer

Rembrandt van Rijn

Economic and Social Life Price Revolution

gentry

enclosure

English Poor Law

three-field system

guilds

capitalist entrepreneurs primogeniture

dowry

Pre-Scientific Worldview scholasticism

Thomas Aquinas

alchemy

Ptolemy

Copernican Revolution Nicolaus Copernicus

heliocentrism

Galileo Galilei

Tycho Brahe

Johannes Kepler

Isaac Newton, Principia Giordano Bruno

Impact of the Scientific Revolution Francis Bacon

inductive reasoning, empiricism

René Descartes

deductive thought, rationalism

“I think, therefore I am”

Cartesian doubt

Blaise Pascal

Pascal’s wager

Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan

William Harvey

absolutism

John Locke

social contract

tabula rasa

The 18th Century Enlightenment

philosophes

Voltaire, Candide

deism

Baron de Montesquieu, Spirit of the Laws separation of powers

checks and balances

Denis Diderot, Encyclopedie

Jean-Jacques Rousseau, The Social Contract general will

Immanuel Kant, Critique of Pure Reason

Cesare Beccaria, On Crimes and Punishment jurisprudence

David Hume, Inquiry into Human Nature

Edward Gibbon, Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire

Adam Smith, Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations

laissez faire

“invisible hand”

salons

Mary Wollstonecraft

18th Century Life: Key Developments, Arts

John Hunter

William Smellie

Lady Mary Wortley Montagu

Edward Jenner

Samuel Richardson

Daniel Defoe