basic characteristics of cell signaling

order of cell signaling (steps?)

0: signaling molecule -> 1: receptor -> 2: transduction -> 3: cellular response

what type of signals are cell signalling

chemical signals

what are other terms for the signaling molecule

1st msnger/ligand

step 0: is located where and is it hydrophobic/philic?

extracellular; hydrophilic meaning lots of O & N and is polar

epinephrine

hormone; fight or flight response

what are target cells?

they're in step 1, they have specific receptors that bind to ligands

where are receptors usually located

cell membrane

where are steroids/lipids located

cytoplasm/intracellular

what step is the 2nd messenger in and what r the 2 types of 2nd msngers?

step 2; cAMP or Ca2+

transduction is typically a __

metabolic pathway

2nd msnger begins what

relay/cascade molecules

protein kinases do what & what is the process called

add PO4-3; phosphorylation

enzymes

protein catalyst

HCO-3

natural base

protein kinase tells us

what it is phosphorylating, in this case a protein is phosphorylating another protein

phosphofructokinase, what's happening?

adds phosphate to fructose

phosphatase does what and turns off what

removes phosphate, turns off enzymes in metabollic pathway.

what does phosphatase do with ADP -> ATP

phosphatase removes phosphate and adds that phosphate to ADP making ATP

exponentially inc means? provide ex

amplify; 1 signaling molec activates 100 2nd messengers, ends up with 10^6 active enzyme x

what are the 3 main things that happen in stage 3

transcription/translation, activate specific enzyme, mitosis

signaling molecules of immune sys, endocrine sys, and nervous sys?

immune: cytokines, endocrine: hormones, nervous: neurotransmitters