FORESTRY EXAM

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30 Terms

1
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Explain why forests are planted in New Zealand and overseas to combat soil erosion and landslides in previously non-forested areas

tree roots help bind the soil, making it more stable and less likely to wash away during heavy rain.

forest canopy also reduces the impact of rainfall on the ground, decreasing surface runoff and further preventing erosio

2
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Explain why forestry planting is not always a complete solution to landsliding and erosion problems. Use descriptions of the recent (2018 and 2023) landsliding and slash disasters in Gisborne| Te Tairāwhi1 to support your answer

Clear-felling and poor management can leave slopes vulnerable and create dangerous debris, as seen in Gisborne during the 2018 and 2023 slash disasters.

dumped around 400,000 m³ of slash down river valleys—blocking bridges and devastating farmland

3
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Explain three wood products and list one advantage and one disadvantage for each of them

Plywood:

  • strong and stable for construction

  • delaminate if exposed to moisture.

Medium Density Fiberboard

  • has a smooth surface ideal for furniture,

  • though it swells easily when wet,

Particle board

  • affordable and widely used in flat-pack furniture

  • weak and not suitable for heavy loads or damp conditions.

4
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List two advantages and two disadvantages of using plantations to obtain goods and services

Plantations:

  • reliable supply of wood - reduces pressure on native forests

  • create jobs - supports local economy

  • reduce biodiversity

  • if poorly managed, they contribute to soil erosion and water pollution.

5
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Explain the MAIN conflict affecting forestry in Chile and New Zealand (using the approach to conflict discussed in class). Compare the arrangements for resolution between the two countries

The main forestry conflict in both Chile and New Zealand involves tension between commercial forestry operations and Indigenous communities over land use and environmental impacts

Treaty of Waitangi settlements and co-management agreements that involve Māori in decision-making

Chile's conflict with the Mapuche people remains more confrontational, with limited legal recognition and ongoing disputes over ancestral land rights.

6
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Explain how New Zealand's greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are very different from those of other developed countries

New Zealand’s greenhouse gas emissions are unique because a large proportion comes from agriculture, especially methane from livestock

most developed countries where emissions mainly come from industry and transport.

This agricultural focus makes New Zealand’s emissions profile more methane-heavy and harder to reduce with traditional energy-sector solutions.

7
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Explain when forests behave as carbon sink, carbon reservoir and carbon source, using an example for each type

carbon sink when they absorb more carbon dioxide than they release

carbon reservoir when storing large amounts of carbon long-term,

carbon source when they release more carbon than they absorb,

8
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Why would you not use other conifers previously used in New Zealand? Why not native forest?

less suited to local conditions, slower growing, or more vulnerable to pests and diseases compared to current preferred species like radiata pine

Native forests are often not used for commercial forestry due to slower growth rates, higher conservation value, and legal protections limiting their harvesting.

9
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List 3 of each of social, environmental, and economic benefits associated with urban forests

Social benefits:

  1. Recreational spaces that improve mental and physical health.

  2. Enhance community cohesion by creating shared green areas.

  3. Improve air quality, benefiting public health.

Environmental benefits:

  1. Reduce urban heat through shade and evapotranspiration.

  2. Increase biodiversity by providing habitat for wildlife.

  3. Improve stormwater management by reducing runoff and erosion.

Economic benefits:

  1. Increase property values in nearby areas.

  2. Reduce energy costs by shading buildings and lowering cooling needs.

  3. Boost local economies through tourism and improved business environments.

10
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Explain one social, one environmental and one economic benefit, pointing out why they depend on tree size and health

social benefit like providing shade in parks depends on tree size and health because larger, healthy trees offer more cooling and comfort for people.

Environmentally, bigger and healthier trees store more carbon, making them more effective at reducing greenhouse gases.

Economically, large, well-maintained trees increase nearby property values more than small or unhealthy trees by enhancing neighborhood aesthetics and appeal.

11
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What is the optimal size class distribution for the urban forest? Support your answer by drawing a graph showing this size class distribution. Provide one specific jus1fica1on for why this is the optimal size class distribution

The optimal size class distribution for an urban forest is typically uneven-aged, meaning a mix of young, medium, and large trees

An uneven-aged distribution allows for ongoing regeneration and replacement of older trees,

12
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Name and describe five other examples of important ecosystem services provided by forests.

Carbon Sequestration
Forests absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere

Water Regulation and Purification
They help maintain water quality by filtering pollutants and sediments, and they regulate stream flows, reducing the risk of floods and droughts.

Biodiversity Habitat
Forests provide habitat for a vast array of plant and animal species

Soil Protection and Nutrient Cycling
Forests protect soil from erosion by stabilizing it with roots and leaf litter.

Climate Regulation
Beyond carbon storage, forests influence local and regional climates by affecting temperature and humidity

13
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Using short notes create a table comparing the conflicts in Australia and Brazil described in class covering the following points:

a. Briefly describe the reasons for the conflict.

b. Name and briefly describe the stakeholders involved in the conflict.

c. Briefly outline the methods used to resolve the conflict. d. Do all stakeholders have roughly equal power, or do some stakeholders have the power to override the wishes of other stakeholders?

Reasons for Conflict

Land use conflicts between conservation and logging/agriculture; Indigenous land rights disputes

Deforestation for agriculture (soy, cattle ranching), logging vs. Indigenous rights and conservation

Stakeholders: government and indigenous people

conflict resolution: legal recognition of tribal land and environmental laws

govement overpowers due to poor implementation

14
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Contrast the pros and cons of using native forest OR exotic plantation & conversion to native forest to achieve carbon neutrality by 2050.

Native forests provide long-term carbon storage and biodiversity

but grow more slowly and have limited expansion potential.

Exotic plantations sequester carbon quickly and can be managed intensively, though they often reduce biodiversity and store carbon less stably.

Converting plantations to native forest combines faster carbon gains with improved ecosystem health over time,

15
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Describe 5 points that characterize the Māori perspective on land use

Interconnectedness: The health of the land, water, plants, animals, and people are all linked, so caring for one means caring for all.

  • Sustainability: Use the land wisely to maintain its health and productivity over time.

  • Collective Ownership: Land is often owned and managed communally, not individually.

  • Whakapapa (Genealogy): Land is seen as an ancestor and part of a family lineage, not just a resource.

  • Kaitiakitanga (Guardianship): People have a responsibility to protect and care for the land for future generations.

16
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Explain why Māori are becoming a significant owner of planted forest land and identify two mechanisms by which this has occurred.

Treaty of Waitangi settlements and strategic land use decisions

Treaty Settlements: These settlements often include land redress, enabling iwi to reclaim and manage forested areas.

Ahu Whenua Trusts: These trusts allow Māori landowners to collectively manage and develop their land

17
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Describe the problems for distributing returns of forest management to Māori owners.

d. As a forest manager, What are the considerations you have to have with Wāhi Tapu (spiritually/culturally important sites)?

Distributing forest returns to Māori owners is challenging due to collective ownership with many families and unclear shares

Wāhi Tapu requires identifying sacred sites and working closely with Māori to avoid disturbance. Respecting cultural values and legal protections is essential in all forest activities near these areas.

18
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Explain the distinction between forests as carbon reservoirs and as carbon sinks.

carbon reservoirs by storing carbon over long periods

carbon sinks actively absorb and remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.

19
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Explain the rationale outlined in class behind the use of radiata pine for carbon sequestration

Radiata pine is used for carbon sequestration because it grows quickly

can be sustainably harvested and replanted

20
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Why a change in landscape albedo with new forests reduces the effectiveness of forests for mitigating climate change.

New forests often have a darker canopy than the previous landscape (like grasslands or snow-covered areas), which absorbs more sunlight and reduces the surface reflectivity (albedo).

This lower albedo can lead to local warming that partly offsets the cooling effect of carbon sequestration, reducing the overall climate benefit of planting forests.

21
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Using short notes answer the following questions about the conflict over the sale of Crown plantation forests in New Zealand in the 1980s:

a. Briefly describe the reasons for the conflict. b. Name and briefly describe the stakeholders involved in the conflict.

c. Briefly outline the methods used to resolve the conflict. d. Do all stakeholders have roughly equal power, or do some stakeholders have the power to override the wishes of other stakeholders?

Reasons for Conflict

Government plan to sell Crown-owned plantations; concerns over loss of public assets, job security, and Māori land rights.

Stakeholders

- Government (wanted privatization)
- Forestry workers (feared job loss)
- Māori groups (concerned about Treaty rights)

Conflict Resolution Methods

Public protests; legal challenges by Māori groups;

Power Balance

Government had more power to push sale; Māori and workers had limited power but influenced outcomes through protests and courts.

22
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Describe and give examples for habitat loss, invasive species and unsustainable use of New Zealand native forests

  • Habitat Loss:
    Description: Clearing native forests.
    Example: Large areas of forest in Canterbury regions have been cleared for dairy farming.

  • Invasive Species:
    Description: Non-native animals and plants outcompete or prey on native species, disrupting forest balance.
    Example: Possums eat native leaves, birds' eggs, and compete for food,

  • Unsustainable Use:
    Description: Overharvesting or unmanaged tourism and recreation can damage forest health and biodiversity.
    Example: Historic logging of kauri trees drastically reduced their population and altered forest structure.

23
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Discuss the changing importance of those three issues in New Zealand history

habitat loss from large-scale land clearing was the dominant threat, followed by heavy logging and forest exploitation.

invasive species like possums and unsustainable tourism have become more prominent issues, shifting conservation focus toward ecosystem protection and restoration.

Unsustainable use such as forest clearing for economical gain

24
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List the main (four) factors that are major influences on the pattern of New Zealand forests.

  • Climate – Temperature and rainfall shape where different forest types can grow.

  • Soil – Soil fertility and drainage affect forest composition and growth.

  • Topography – Elevation, slope, and aspect influence sunlight, moisture, and exposure.

  • Disturbance (natural and human) – Events like fire, storms, logging, or farming change forest structure and distribution.

25
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. List 6 causes of soil erosion.

  • Deforestation

  • Overgrazing

  • Heavy rainfall

  • Wind

  • Poor farming practices

  • Construction and development

26
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Explain one of the causes you listed in a. and the mechanics of how it affects soil productivity.

Deforestation – Removing trees leaves soil exposed to wind and rain.

27
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Provide a formula and a diagram to describe the water balance in a forested catchment. Define the terms in your formula.

P=ET+Q+ΔS Where:

  • P = Precipitation

  • ET = Evapotranspiration

  • Q = Runoff

  • ΔS = Change in soil water storage

28
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Compared to non-forested land, explain how does forested land affect the hydrological cycle? Use a diagram to support your explanation.

enhances infiltration and reduces surface runoff

recharge groundwater and reduce flood risk.

Trees also increase evapotranspiration, returning more moisture to the atmosphere and influencing local rainfall patterns.

29
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Using short notes answer the following questions about the conflict over the use of forests in Nepal:

a. Briefly describe the reasons for the conflict.

b. Name and briefly describe the stakeholders involved in the conflict.

c. Briefly outline the methods used to resolve the conflict.

d. Do all stakeholders have roughly equal power, or do some stakeholders have the power to override the wishes of other stakeholders?

Reasons for Conflict

Overuse and degradation of forests due to population pressure, poverty, and unclear land rights.

Stakeholders

- Government – owned most forest land, controlled access.
- Local communities – relied on forests for firewood, fodder, and livelihoods.

Resolution Methods

Introduction of Community Forestry – forests handed to local user groups for sustainable management.

Power Balance

Initially government held most power, but Community Forest User Groups gained more say over time, though power is still unequal in some areas.

30
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Considering the forestry sectors in Chile, New Zealand and Brazil answer the following questions:

a. Explain two similarities and

2 differences between the forest sectors of the three countries.

b. Describe one conflict point for each of the countries.

c. List 2 important forest products for each country and which are the dominant tree genus for each country

large-scale plantations

wood products

  1. New Zealand and Chile have more structured land rights and regulation than Brazil, where illegal logging is more common.

  2. Brazil has large areas of natural tropical forest, while New Zealand and Chile rely more heavily on exotic plantations.

  • New Zealand: Conflict over Indigenous (Māori) land rights during forest land sales.

  • Chile: Mapuche people dispute land taken for plantations and commercial forestry.

  • Brazil: Ongoing deforestation in the Amazon due to illegal logging and agriculture expansion.

NZ: Radiata pine - pulp and timber

Chile: Eucalyptus pulp, saw timber

Brazil: Eucalyptus pulp paper