Internal resistance

What happened in 1955 relevant to civil society resistance?

The Black Sash was originally formed as The Women's Defence of the Constitution League, protesting the Separate Representation of Voters Bill.

In what year was the Black Sash formed?

1955.

What happened in 1960 after the Sharpeville massacre?

The government banned the ANC and PAC, increased state control of media, allowed indefinite detention without trial, and used restriction orders and house arrest against critics.

In what year was the Sharpeville massacre and the banning of the ANC and PAC?

1960.

What did the ANC and PAC set up after being banned in 1960?

Armed wings, MK and Poqo, to wage guerrilla war.

What happened in 1962 relevant to international pressure?

A UN resolution called for a trade boycott of South Africa.

In what year did the UN first call for a trade boycott of South Africa?

1962.

When did the Rivonia Trial begin?

October 1963.

When were the Rivonia Trial verdicts and sentencing handed down?

June 1964.

What happened as a result of the Rivonia Trial's sentencing?

MK leadership was arrested and given life imprisonment, and Poqo's plans similarly collapsed after leaders were arrested.

What happened in 1969 relevant to internal and international resistance?

The Norwegian trade union boycott campaign began, and the ANC's Tanzania conference confirmed its non racial stance.

What happened from 1970 regarding Black South Africans and the homeland system?

All Black South Africans were required to become citizens of an ethnic homeland, with nominal independence granted to the TBVC states while they remained totally dependent on Pretoria.

In what year did the requirement for Black South Africans to become homeland citizens begin?

1970.

What triggered an economic crisis in 1973?

The Middle East oil crisis.

What happened with strikes in the first three months of 1973?

There were 160 strikes involving over 60000 workers, mainly in Durban and the East Rand, winning better wages and establishing the first independent black trade unions.

What happened in 1975 that made it easier for MK guerrillas to enter South Africa?

The independence of Mozambique and Angola.

What happened in 1976 to the ANC in exile as a result of Soweto?

Over 12000 students left South Africa to join the ANC in exile after the uprising, and sabotage activity inside South Africa increased.

How many anti apartheid organisations were banned in 1977, including SASO, SASM, BPC, and SSRC?

17 organisations.

Who became National Party leader in 1978?

P.W. Botha, who led the party from 1978 to 1989.

What policy did P.W. Botha and Defence Minister Magnus Malan devise in 1978?

The Total Onslaught, Total Strategy policy.

In what year did the Wiehahn Commission recommend legal recognition of black trade unions?

1979.

What happened in 1979 to job reservation and black trade union rights?

Job reservation was relaxed and black trade unions became legally recognised.

When was FOSATU, the Federation of South African Trade Unions, formally constituted?

April 1979.

How many affiliated unions and workers did FOSATU represent when formed in April 1979?

12 affiliated unions representing 45000 workers.

What union was formed in 1979 alongside FOSATU?

The South African Allied Workers Union.

What was registered black union membership in 1980?

57000, growing to over half a million by 1984.

What happened in 1980 relevant to regional politics?

Zimbabwe gained independence, adding to regional pressure on the apartheid state.

What union was formed in 1982?

The National Union of Mineworkers, NUM.

What act was passed in 1982 giving elected Community Councils more power, including collecting rents and service payments?

The Black Local Authorities Act.

What happened to journalist and SACP member Ruth First in 1982?

She was killed by a parcel bomb in Mozambique.

On what date was the UDF first proposed, at a meeting of the Transvaal Anti South African Indian Council Committee?

23 January 1983.

What constitution created the Tricameral Parliament, with no representation for Africans?

The 1983 constitution.

When was the United Democratic Front formally launched, and where?

August 1983, in Mitchell's Plain, near Cape Town.

Roughly how many organisations made up the UDF alliance at its 1983 launch?

Roughly 400 organisations.

When was the End Conscription Campaign, ECC, formed?

1983.

By what year had 13 people already been jailed for refusing military service under the ECC's account?

1983.

What happened during the 1984 Tricameral elections?

Under 20 percent of eligible coloured and Indian voters registered and voted.

What period does the textbook call the township revolt, beginning in the Vaal Triangle townships?

1984 to 1986.

What triggered the 1984 to 1986 township revolt in the Vaal Triangle?

A school boycott and a rent boycott.

What happened to Allan Boesak in 1984?

He was accused of an extramarital affair with an SACC employee, was temporarily suspended, and later reinstated.

What did Boesak found in 1984 to 1985?

The Foundation for Peace and Justice.

What happened in February 1985 regarding Mandela?

Botha offered Mandela conditional release in exchange for renouncing violence and resistance.

On what date did Zindzi Mandela read out her father's rejection of Botha's offer, at Jabulani Stadium in Soweto?

10 February 1985.

What document did church leaders issue in 1985, calling for civil disobedience, consumer boycotts, and strikes?

The Kairos Document.

When was COSATU, the Congress of South African Trade Unions, formed, and how many workers did it initially represent?

1985, initially representing over 500000 workers.

What did the Black Sash become more involved in around 1985?

Rural issues, through the Transvaal Action Committee and the National Land Committee.

When was the National Education Crisis Committee, NECC, formed, and where?

December 1985, in Johannesburg.

What slogan did the NECC adopt, in response to COSAS's earlier Liberation before education?

Education for liberation.

What speech in 1985 triggered a financial crisis, with the rand dropping 35 percent and the Johannesburg Stock Exchange closing for four days?

The Rubicon Speech.

How many conscripts failed to report for military service in 1985?

1750 conscripts.

What began reshaping the international climate around apartheid from 1985?

Gorbachev's rise in the USSR and the policies of perestroika and glasnost.

What system was completely abolished in 1986?

The pass system.

What did COSATU formally adopt in 1987, aligning with the UDF's position?

The Freedom Charter.

What was COSATU's membership in 1987?

2.5 million.

What holiday did COSATU campaign for in 1987?

1 May as a public holiday, for May Day stay aways.

What secret talks took place in 1987 between liberal Afrikaner leaders and the ANC in exile?

The Dakar secret talks, in Senegal.

What organisation did the government ban in 1988, fearing its power to unify opposition?

The UDF.

What campaign did the government also ban in 1988?

The End Conscription Campaign.

What happened to the Sharpeville Six death sentences in 1988?

They were commuted to imprisonment, following wide local and international protest.

What phase of the UDF, according to Source L, began as a revival in 1988?

UDF Phase 5, led by churches and labour unions.

What did the SACC commit member churches to in 1989?

Non violent action against apartheid.

What did the Dutch Reformed Church do for the first time in 1989?

Openly condemn apartheid.

What did the banned ANC call 1989?

A Year of Mass Action.

What happened in February 1989 leading to the release of political detainees?

A highly publicised hunger strike led to hundreds of political detainees being released.

What alliance formed in August 1989, launching a Defiance Campaign?

The Mass Democratic Movement, MDM.

Roughly how many workers stayed away on the September 1989 tricameral election day?

An estimated three million workers.

What event in 1989 removed the ideological basis for the government's Total Onslaught fears?

The fall of the Berlin Wall and the failure of communism in the Soviet Union.

What happened to P.W. Botha in 1989, leading to his replacement?

He suffered a stroke, forcing his resignation, and was replaced by F.W. de Klerk.