Health U3O1 1A

Wellbeing

A complex combination of all dimensions of health, characterised by an equilibrium in which an individual feels happy, healthy, capable and engaged.

Health and wellbeing

Refers to the state of physical, social, mental, emotional and spiritual existence and is characterised by an equilibrium in which the individual feels happy, healthy, capable and engaged

Optimal health and wellbeing

Refers to the highest level of health and wellbeing an individual can realistically attain at any particular time, where individuals can identify their aspirations, satisfy needs and change and cope with their environment.

Physical health and wellbeing

Relates to the functioning of the body and its systems; it includes the physical capacity to perform daily activities or tasks

examples of physical health and wellbeing

· Maintaining an ideal body weight

· The absence of illness, disease or injury

· Adequate energy levels

Social health and wellbeing

Relates to the ability to form meaningful and satisfying relationships with others and the ability to manage or adapt appropriately to different social situations.

Emotional health and wellbeing

Relates to the ability to express emotions and feelings in a positive way. It's about the positive management and expression of emotional actions and reactions as well as the ability to display resilience.

Mental health and wellbeing

The current state of wellbeing relating to the mind or brain and it relates to the ability to think and process information. A mentally healthy brain enables an individual to positively form opinions, make decisions and use logic.

Spiritual health and wellbeing

Not material in nature, but relates to ideas, beliefs, values and ethics that arise in the minds and conscience of human beings. It includes the concepts of hope, peace, a guiding sense of meaning or value, and reflection on a person's place in the world.

The interrelationship between the five dimensions

All five dimensions work together to achieve optimal health. High levels of health and wellbeing in one dimension will often lead to high levels of another. Similarly, if one dimension suffers, the other will likely be diminished also.

· All dimensions need attention to achieve optimal hw

How Peace can promote health and wellbeing?

• reduced risk of death and injury from conflict which reduces mortality rates—also decreases stress and anxiety

• people can go about daily activities- school/ work which can enhance opportunities for social interaction which promotes social health and wellbeing

• preserves infrastructure— health care, roads, agriculture, water/electricity etc. this promotes physical health and wellbeing

• governments can work to provide resources to people- social security, water, health care, education instead of waging war which promotes health and wellbeing in many ways

Interrelationships between physical and social

when an individual experiences good energy levels, they are physically able to participate in activities with friends

Interrelationships between physical and emotional

an individual who is sick may experience emotions such as fear and anger

Interrelationships between physical and spiritual

a person who is free of illness and disease is able to connect with other members of society, which can enhance feeling of belonging

Interrelationships between mental and social

socialising with friends, will help clear your mind and mental state, with less levels of stress

Interrelationships between emotional and mental

being stressed over homework, may cause an individual to experience emotions such as anger

• being covered and organised, being content in the mental state, may cause the individual to experience emotions such as happiness and ease

Interrelationships between spiritual and mental

having friends will help with levels of anxiety mental state of belonging and at peace

Interrelationships between social and emotional

an individual being able to talk to people and be vulnerable, are able to be open about their emotions

Interrelationships between social and spiritual

being a part of a group e.g. recreational club will enhance sense of belonging

Interrelationships between spiritual and emotional

unable to manages emotions, will lead to not being able to have a sense of belonging

Dynamic health and wellbeing

Constantly changing and never the same - regularly changing throughout a lifetime

Subjective health and wellbeing

· Viewed individually and interpreted differently by every person· The way hw is viewed is influenced by:

o Personal beliefs

o Opinions/feelings & Age

illness

A subjective concept related to personal experience of a disease

Disease

A physical or mental disturbance/impairment involving symptoms, dysfunction or tissue damage

• Not subjective

Illness/disease interrelated

Both illness and disease are concepts that relate to the negative aspects of health and wellbeing. Diseases have diagnosable symptoms, dysfunction or damage whereas illness relates more to how a person feels about and experiences disease

Illness/disease dynamic

Diseases can be physical or mental in nature, can range from mild discomfort to severe pain and can be chronic or can come and go. Changes in illness can change rapidly and intensely with exposure to infectious diseases or administration of prescription medication, or more slowly with the adoption of healthy behaviours to see weight loss, increased fitness and improved self-esteem.

Illness/disease subjective

People view illness in different ways at different times, depending on a range of factors including the number and severity of the diseases experienced, the age of the individual and the resources available to assist, and past experiences of disease and illness.

Importance of health and wellbeing as a resource individually

• As a result of reducing the risk of premature death, disease and injury, optimal health and wellbeing increases the ability of individuals to live free from pain and concentrate on activities that improve their lives such as studying, working and socialising

• Optimal hw also decreases stress and anxiety and promotes positive emotions such as happiness

• Optimal hw reduces healthcare costs for individuals - disease and injury can incur health-related costs such as doctor's consultations

• o As a result, the amount of money that can be spent on other things is increased

Importance of health and wellbeing as a resource nationally

• Improved life expectancy, reduced levels of stress in the community, more participants in social activities such as community activities and volunteering

• Optimal hw decreases reliance on the health system, resulting in economic benefits.

• When populations experience optimal hw they are more equipped to work productively - increasing productivity as people are more likely to be engaged and work to the best of their ability, earn higher average incomes * More people work, earn an income, increasing the economy of the country through higher taxation revenue (higher taxation increases funds that government can spend on infrastructure

Importance of health and wellbeing as a resource globally

• Optimal hw reduces the risk of infectious or communicable diseases spreading between countries

• Optimal hw promotes sustainability - health = productivity, greater taxation revenue to promote sustainable living * Optimal hw leads to optimal trade between countries - healthy countries are better equipped to produce goods and services that can be traded in a global market

• Optimal hw promotes sustainability - health = productivity, greater taxation revenue to promote sustainable living * Optimal hw leads to optimal trade between countries - healthy countries are better equipped to produce goods and services that can be traded in a global market

prerequisites of health

peace, shelter, education, food, sustainable resources, equity, social justice, income, stable ecosystems

PEACE

the absence of conflict

SHELTER

A structure that provides protection from the outside environment

EDUCATION

Receiving formal or informal systematic instruction

FOOD

Food security: the state in which all persons obtain nutritionally adequate, culturally appropriate, safe food regularly through local non-emergency food sources

INCOME

Money received for work, through investments or through social security

STABLE ECOSYSTEM

A community that exists of all the living and non-living components in a particular area

SUSTAINABLE RESOURCES

Ensuring that the resources used to promote health and wellbeing in the present are available for future generations, so they too can experience a good quality of life

Difference between stable ecosystem and sustainable resources

When referring to sustainable resources mention specific examples of resources such as access to an ongoing source of clean water, renewable energy, clean air etc, however, when referring to a stable ecosystem mention the balance between the living and non-living aspects of the environment, in particular, stable weather patterns. You could then reference less frequent severe storms, droughts etc.

SOCIAL JUSTICE

Related to ALL PEOPLE having equal rights and opportunities, regardless of sex, class, income, ethnicity, religion, age, sexual orientation, etc.

EQUITY

Relates to fairness and impartiality within the population· Disadvantaged groups/individuals are targeted to improve their quality of life and achieve minimum standards of living - making sure they have access to resources to promote optimal hw

Health status

'an individual's or population's overall health, taking into account various aspects such as life expectancy, amount of disability and levels of disease risk factors.' (AIHW, 2008)

Self-assessed health status

'an individual's own opinion about how they feel about their health, their state of mind and their life in general.' (AIHW, 2018)Self-assessed health status data is often collected from population surveys and provides an indication of the overall level being experienced in relation to physical, social, emotional, mental and spiritual health and wellbeing.

Life expectancy

an indication of how long a person can expect to live, it is the number of years of life remaining to a person at a particular age if death rates do not change.

Health Adjusted Life Expectancy (HALE)

A measure of burden of disease based on life expectancy at birth but including an adjustment for time spent in poor health. It is the number of years in full health that a person can expect to live, based on current rate of ill health and mortality.

Mortality + mortality rate

The number of deaths in a population in a given period· The mortality rate is: the measure of the proportion of the population who die in a one year period (usually per 100,000)

Morbidity

Refers to ill health in an individual and the levels of ill health in a population or group.

How Shelter promotes health and wellbeing?

• promotes feelings of privacy, safety and security by reducing the ability of others to enter the living space of residents, and this enhances mental wellbeing by reducing stress and anxiety

• provides protection against the spread of infectious diseases

• people do not have to spend energy and time searching for a place to sleep and finding protection from elements

• promotes spiritual health and wellbeing by providing stability in an individual's life and contributes to a sense of belonging in a community in which they reside

How education promotes health and wellbeing?

• promotes economic development and increases the ability of individuals to afford resources e.g. food, shelter, healthcare

• educated individuals are more empowered to take control of their lives

• promotes mental health and wellbeing by reducing stress and anxiety and reduce the risk of the maternal issues that can occur from having babies at a young age enhancing physical health

• promotes literacy

• more likely to participate in health promoting behaviours e.g. eating well

How income promotes health and wellbeing?

• healthcare often requires a patient to make some payment

• having a decent and reliable income allows individuals to more easily afford healthcare e.g. immunisations, medications, check-ups and surgery

• people are able to afford activities that they enjoy e.g. recreational pursuits and socialising

• promotes mental health and wellbeing by reducing stress and anxiety & social health and wellbeing by giving people more choices

• increases the ability of people to access transport, required to access resources e.g. education, employment, recreations, healthcare and food

Interrelationships between physical and mental

an individual experiencing adequate body weight is more likely to feel good about themselves and have a positive self-esteem

How social justice promotes health and wellbeing?

• fair distribution of economic resources

• equal access to essential services e.g. housing, healthcare and education

• formal education

• meaningful employment and fairpay

• adequate shelter

• equal opportunity for participation by all in personal development

How sustainable resources promotes health and wellbeing?

• use of land and water is required to ensure that future generations have a reliable food and water supply to prevent disease and enhance physical health and wellbeing

• ensuring the sustainability of natural environment is essential to provide these essential resources and promote an adequate standard of living in the future

How stable ecosystems promotes health and wellbeing?

• plants and animals are made up of organic matter, which is used for food and provides energy, improving physical health and wellbeing

• plants and animals provide opportunities for employment e.g. fishing and agriculture industries, providing income

• predictable weather patterns contribute to effective farming, promotes health and wellbeing by improving food security

How food promotes health and wellbeing?

• provides adequate levels of energy

• enhances physical health and wellbeing

• increases capacity of children to attend school and learn

• enables individuals to work and earn an income

• can lead to improvements in an individual's intellectual capacities, leading to mental health and wellbeing

How equity promotes health and wellbeing?

• to reduce feelings of segregation and thereby enhance feelings of belonging and promotes spiritual health and wellbeing

• promoting equity improves opportunities for these groups and increases ability to achieve optimal health and wellbeing

• can also mean people feel valued, which can promotes self-esteem and enhance mental health and wellbeing