Honors Modern World History Sem.2 Final

Understand how Westernization reached East Asia (6.5-6.6) - China

Spheres of Influence: Treaty of Nanking led to foreign powers controlling China, creating dependence on the West and social changes.

Understand how Westernization reached East Asia (6.5-6.6) - Japan

Matthew Perry used Gunboat diplomacy to open Japan to trade, leading to adoption of Western ideas and development of own system to compete with the West.

Causes of Imperialism (China & Japan)

-Western Powers imperialized China & Japan for resources and markets due to the Industrial Revolution. Opium trade became a major revenue source.

Opium Trade

-Britain profited from trading opium to China, causing economic disruption and addiction. Opium Wars ensued due to Chinese protests.

Describe Both Opium Wars

-1st Opium War: Britain defeated Qing in 1839. -2nd Opium War: Britain and France fought against China.

Impacts of 1st Opium War

Treaty of Nanking: Forced China to cede power to the West, pay indemnities, and open coastal cities to foreign trade.

Impacts of the 2nd Opium War

Treaty of Tientsin: Further opened China to the West, legalized Opium sale, and China pleaded to stop Opium trade.

The Effects of Both Opium Wars

Led to Westernization, economic dependence on British goods, and increased presence of French and British in the region.

Open Door Policy

-American: John Hayes -Promoted equal trading rights for all countries, respecting China's sovereignty and preventing exclusive trading zones.

Describe the Boxer Rebellion

-Resistance against Westernization post-Qing Dynasty, led by martial artists attacking foreigners. CiXi initially supported but later opposed due to economic concerns.

Boxer Rebellion Goals

-Violently remove all foreigners & their influence
-Preserve traditional Chinese values

Effects of the Boxer Rebellion

-Thousands of foreigners killed
-Qing paid indemnities, again
-Foreign powers organized a multinational force to establish order, leading to more westernization in military, government, social attitudes, and industries (e.g., emergence of a new business class)

Spheres of Influence

-Anywhere that a foreign power is close to, they have an economic influence and some social & political ideas influence that region
-For example, Taiping Rebellion (dependence from the West) & treaties from Opium Wars (created a dependence on the West economically)

Meiji Restoration Goals

-Goal: 'Strong army, rich country'
-Strong army: adopting (German) military tactics and organization; creates an open army for all men → nationalism. Industries supply military with western uniforms, technologies, and weapons (ended samurai privileges)
-Rich country: becomes industrialized; emergence of big industrial powers with the help of Zaibatsu

Meiji Restoration Causes and Changes

-New leaders studied Western ways and traveled abroad to learn → adapted and used those ways to protect themselves. They westernized government, economics, technology, and customs
-With this army, they expanded their territory because they are an island nation, they need resources, have a growing population → imperial (breaks up resources, wealth, national pride) to compete with Western powers & become a very strong power

Zaibatsu

-Large industrial or financial corporations
-Wealthy families who use their money to expand businesses and help the nation

Issues of Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism, Nationalism (Militarism)

-Glorification of the military (rise in militarism → respected military leaders)
-Armed forces & readiness for war came to dominate national policy
-Powers started to build up their armies and navies
-Competition, uses industrial power
Divided European nations and brought competitions and rivalries
Competition among countries for colonial & economic power brings in national pride
Fuels industrialization (have these colonies to gain resources to have the best things)

Issues of Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism, Nationalism (Alliances)

-In order to balance power in Europe, two alliances develop:
-Triple Alliance (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy)
-Triple Entente (Britain, Russia, France)
-Alliances bring in more countries

Issues of Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism, Nationalism (Imperialism)

-Divided European nations and brought competitions and rivalries
-Competition among countries for colonial & economic power brings in national pride
-Fuels industrialization (have these colonies to gain resources to have the best things)

Issues of Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism, Nationalism (Nationalism)

-Austria-Hungary & Ottoman Empire had colonies inside that wanted self-determination and independence
-Intensified national competition and self-determination → competition not cooperation (caused countries to be scared of other countries gaining a lot of power and warfare)

Causes of World War I

-The atmosphere at the time, competition among countries
-June 28, 1914: Assassination, by Serbian nationalist, of Archduke Ferdinand in Sarajevo, Bosnia
-Sparks a localized war, then nationalism alliances bring in all the other countries → as the war broke out, other countries are pulled in because of alliances

US Involvement in World War I (Causes)

-The US had cultural ties with the Allied Powers which motivated them to economically support them during the war
-In 1915, there were unrestricted German submarine attacks which targeted commercial and civilian ships and caused the US to feel threatened
-The Zimmermann Telegram that President Wilson received in 1917 concerned him because of Germany's plans for unrestricted submarine warfare and allowing Mexico to reconquer US territory.

US Involvement in World War I (During)

-On April 6, 1917, President Woodrow Wilson declared that the United States would go to war against Germany and join the Allied Powers.
-The US brought new soldiers and money to the cause → gave motivation to the Allied Powers and took over the place of Russia since they left (Russian Revolution)

Total War

-The stalemate caused deprivation of resources and it was a fight on who could last the longest → the whole country has to help out with and provide for the war effort:
-Ex. Industries change into resources for the war → transfer industries for war effort.
-Governments used censorship & propaganda over the people
-The war demands more resources and needs all the help they can get from the people

Western Front

-The Western Front was a stalemate with many trenches → trenches were part of the reason why the war was so long and why there was a stalemate
-The trenches were created because of the new weapons, like a machine gun, to hide away
-The stalemate caused the war to become a war of attrition, each side tries to keep numbers high of resources (of weapons, food, people, bullets) → causes total war.

Women During & After World War I

-During: Women were being sent to the workforce because men were being sent to war. Women now worked in industries to provide for the war efforts
-After: Gave women the right to vote (depends on the country, what type of women can vote)

Paris Peace Conference Topics

-The Big Three had conflicting views on resolutions for Europe
-Germany & the German colonies in Africa & the Pacific
-National minority groups in Eastern Europe & the Ottoman Empire that demanded 'Self-Determination'
-Communism in Russia (Bolsheviks)
-The secret agreements between Italy and Austria-Hungary for promised land

Attendees of the Paris Peace Conference

-27 Allied nations met in Paris to discuss the fate of Europe (didn't include the Central Powers & Russia since they had a communist revolution in their country)
-Big Three: Britain (David Lloyd George) who had spent the most money, USA (Wilson) who wanted peace, France (Georges Clemenceau) who wanted to weaken Germany

Effects of the Paris Peace Conference

-Creation of the League of Nations
-Leaders created Mandates which were territories administered by Western powers so that National minority colonies could have self-determination

Mandate System Creation

Colonial groups who used to be ruled by the Triple Entente demanded national states of their own and wanted self-determination (their territories overlapped) → Leaders at the Paris Peace Conference created Mandates in Europe

Explain the Outcome of the Mandate System

Colonies under political and economic control of Allied powers, leading to growth of Allied powers' empire and feelings of betrayal among mandate inhabitants.

What Is the Mandate System

Territories administered by Western powers to help them stand alone in Europe.

List the Terms of the Treaty of Versailles

-Created in June 1919
-Forced Germany to assume full blame for causing the war
-Pay reparations causing inflation in Germany
-Limited German military size
-Returned Alsace and Lorraine to France
-Stripped German territories and colonies
-Demilitarized zone along Rhine River

List the Outcomes of the Treaty of Versailles

-Economic depression
-German resentment
-Rise of Nazism

Explain the Causes of the Russian Revolution

-Russian military ill-equipped and 2 million dead
-Monarchy running out of money
-Czar Nicholas II's failures
-Rasputin's influence
-Starvation, food rations, and inflation

What Happened in the Russian Revolution

-March Revolution 1917 led to Czar's departure
-October Revolution 1917 established new government
-Promised peace, land redistribution, and communism

Describe the Outcomes of the Russian Revolution

Communists took Russia out of war, leading to Russian Civil War

Describe the Russian Civil War Participants and the Red Army

-Red Army assassinated royal families
-Trotsky led and enforced communism
-Used terror and Cheka
-Implemented 'war communism'

Explain the Outcomes of the Russian Civil War

-White army's division led to red army's victory
-Lenin established USSR

Describe the New Economic Policy by Lenin

-Lenin gained power after civil war
-Established USSR as one-party state with Lenin as dictator

Explain the Outcomes of the New Economic Policy by Lenin

-Industry and agriculture nationalized with strict government control over all workers
-Limited civil liberties including censorship and punishment for dissent
-Secret police enforced compliance
-Large industries controlled by the government, while small businesses were allowed to operate
-Creation of the first communist state (USSR) with far-reaching effects

Dawes Plan

-A plan to assist Germany in paying reparations by issuing a new currency backed by US loans
-Germany used foreign capital to rebuild its economy and implemented taxes to repay loans from WWI
-Failed in 1929 due to the Great Depression

Great Depression Causes

-Overproduction due to improved technology and farming methods leading to excess goods and falling prices
-Unemployment and decreased demand as workers had less money to spend
-Financial instability and stock market crash due to high prices and raised interest rates by the Federal Reserve

Great Depression Effects

-Global spread of economic crisis with US banks withdrawing investments and imposing high tariffs
-Global production and trade decline, leading to business closures, unemployment, and human suffering

How Did Communism, Fascism, & Nazism Ideologies Rise?

The Great Depression's social and economic impact caused people to lose faith in democratic governments, opening the door for radical ideologies to gain support by offering extreme solutions

What Do All of Communism, Fascism, & Nazism Ideologies Have in Common?

-Flourished during economic hardships by advocating for radical social change
-Imposed totalitarian rule to enforce their ideologies
-Emphasized blind loyalty to the state or leader
-Used terror to maintain power

Describe Characteristics of Communism

-Classless, stateless society without private ownership
-Revolutionary change through global working-class revolution
-Implemented by Soviet Russia under Lenin & Stalin

Describe Characteristics of Fascism

-Government collaboration with capitalism to enhance state economy
-State supremacy over individuals with one-party rule
-Use of police and military to control population
-Nationalist goals and support for class divisions

Describe the Characteristics of Nazism

-Promotion of anti-Semitism and Aryan supremacy
-Absolute control by Hitler over all aspects of life
-Emphasis on extreme nationalism and military strength
-State intervention for economic self-sufficiency

Stalin's Military, Industries, Religious, Political, and Social Control (Agriculture)

All private farm products were confiscated by the government through collectivization
-Kulaks resisted by burning their crops, leading to their elimination by Stalin
-Resulted in decreased farming output and widespread famine

Stalin's Military, Industries, Religious, Political, and Social Control (Industry)

After Lenin's death in 1924, Stalin implemented the first 'five-year plan' to develop heavy industry, enhance transportation, and increase agricultural output. Stalin centralized all economic activities under government control, including businesses, agriculture, and resource distribution. Workers were pressured to meet high production targets, especially in industry and transportation, with consequences for failure.

Stalin's Military, Industries, Religious, Political, and Social Control (Religion)

-Following Marxist ideology, Stalin promoted atheism, rejecting the belief in a god. -Only atheism was allowed, and other religious practices were suppressed or eliminated.

Stalin's Military, Industries, Religious, Political, and Social Control (Military)

-No freedom of press or expression; extensive surveillance by secret police. -Widespread use of secret police, imprisonment, executions, and forced labor camps. -Systematic violation of individual rights by Stalin.

Stalin's Military, Industries, Religious, Political, and Social Control (Terror)

-Stalin employed terror tactics, including secret police, torture, and purges, to maintain control. -Initiated the Great Purge in 1934, targeting various individuals through show trials and executions. -Increased his power by eliminating potential threats and instilling fear in the population.

Mussolini's Military, Industries, Religious, Political, and Social Control (Political)

-Enacted Acerbo Laws to suppress opposition and consolidate power. -Established a totalitarian government controlling all aspects of citizens' lives.

Mussolini's Military, Industries, Religious, Political, and Social Control (Economic)

-Fascist leaders controlled banking, industry, agriculture, and trade. -Maintained capitalism while exerting state influence over the economy.

Mussolini's Military, Industries, Religious, Political, and Social Control (Military)

-Utilized censorship, secret police, and violence to silence dissent. -Enforced arrests without trial and death penalties. -Rejected democratic processes in favor of forceful actions.

Mussolini's Military, Industries, Religious, Political, and Social Control (Religion)

-Signed Lateran Treaty with the Pope, granting Vatican City sovereignty. -Gained support by aligning with the Catholic Church.

Hitler's Military, Industries, Religious, Political, and Social Control (Race Superiority)

Hitler promoted the Aryan race as the superior ethnic group in Germany, emphasizing their genetic superiority.

Hitler's Military, Industries, Religious, Political, and Social Control (Race Discrimination)

-Implemented Nuremberg Laws to discriminate against Jews, stripping them of citizenship and imposing severe restrictions. -Enforced Anti-Semitism, leading to violence, theft, and expulsion of Jews from Germany. -Controlled religion under the state's authority.

Political Control under Hitler

-Hitler gained sweeping powers through the Enabling Act after becoming Chancellor
-Enabling Act granted him authority for censorship and enforced terror

How Hitler Gained Followers

-Rising to power by capitalizing on Germany's need for a leader
-Defying Treaty of Versailles and remilitarizing to boost nationalism and employment

Religious Control under Hitler

Hitler opposed Christianity, aiming to replace it with his racial ideology
-Nazis unified Protestant sects to control churches

Imperialism in China and Japan

Western Powers sought to imperialize China and Japan due to the need for resources and markets, driven by the Industrial Revolution.

Effects of Imperialism in China and Japan

Imperialism led to economic dependence on manufactured goods from Western countries, as well as a larger presence of French and British influences in the region.

Interwar Period

The period between World War I and World War II, marked by economic challenges, political instability, and the rise of radical ideologies like communism, fascism, and nazism.

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

A peace treaty signed in 1918 between Russia and the Central Powers, leading to Russia's withdrawal from World War I and significant territorial losses.

League of Nations

An international organization established after World War I to promote peace and cooperation among countries, but ultimately failed to prevent the outbreak of World War II.

Dawes Plan Impact

The Dawes Plan aimed to help Germany pay reparations after World War I by reissuing currency backed by US loans, but ultimately failed due to the Great Depression in 1929.

Stalin's Five-Year Plans

Initiated by Joseph Stalin in the Soviet Union, these plans aimed to rapidly industrialize the country and improve economic output through centralized government control.

Fascism in Italy

Mussolini's fascist regime in Italy emphasized state control over the economy, political suppression of opposition, and the creation of a totalitarian government.

Nazi Ideology

Under Hitler's leadership, Nazism in Germany promoted Aryan racial superiority, anti-Semitism, totalitarian control, and militaristic expansion.

Treaty of Rapallo

A treaty signed between Germany and the Soviet Union in 1922, allowing both countries to engage in economic and military cooperation, despite their ideological differences.