MT chap 5

Pulmonary circulation

Flow of blood between the heart and lungs.

Pulmonary arteries

Carry deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs.

Pulmonary veins

Carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium.

Systemic circulation

Flow of blood to all parts of the body except the lungs.

P wave

Atrial stimulation or contraction.

QRS complex

Ventricular stimulation or contraction while atria relax.

T wave

Ventricular recovery or relaxation.

Arteries

Large blood vessels carrying blood away from the heart.

Aorta

Largest blood vessel, beginning from the left ventricle and forming the main arterial system trunk.

Carotid arteries

Major upward-carrying arteries to the head.

Common carotid artery

Located on each side of the neck.

Arterioles

Smaller, thinner arterial branches delivering blood to capillaries.

Capillaries

Smallest blood vessels, one epithelial cell thick, forming expanded vascular beds.

Venules

Smallest veins that form larger veins.

Endarterial

Within an artery or pertaining to the inner portion of an artery.

Superficial veins

Located near the body surface.

Deep veins

Located within tissues and away from the body surface.

Venae cavae

Two largest veins returning blood into the heart.

Superior vena cava

Transports blood from the upper body portion to the heart.

Inferior vena cava

Transports blood from the lower body portion to the heart.

Pulse

Rhythmic pressure against an arterial wall caused by heart contraction.

Blood pressure

Measurement of systolic and diastolic pressure exerted against arterial walls.

Systolic pressure

Highest pressure against arterial walls when ventricles contract.

Diastolic pressure

Lowest pressure against arterial walls when ventricles are relaxed.

Blood

Fluid tissue composed of 55% liquid plasma and 45% formed elements.

Plasma

Straw-colored fluid containing 91% water and 9% proteins, nutrients, hormones, and waste.

Serum

Plasma fluid after blood cells and clotting proteins are removed.

Fibrinogen and prothrombin

Clotting proteins found in plasma.

Deep veins

Located within tissues and away from body surface.

venae cavae

Two largest veins returning blood into the heart.

superior vena cava

Transports blood from upper body portion to heart.

inferior vena cava

Transports blood from lower body portion to heart.

pulse

Rhythmic pressure against arterial wall caused by heart contraction.

Fibrinogen / prothrombin

Clotting proteins found in plasma.

Erythrocytes

Mature red blood cells produced in red bone marrow transporting oxygen.

Leukocytes

White blood cells involved in defending against infective agents and foreign substances.

Neutrophils

Most common WBC form, playing major immune defense role through phagocytosis.

Basophils

Least common WBC form, responsible for allergy symptoms.

Eosinophils

Destroy parasitic organisms and play a major role in allergic reactions.

Blood gases

Gases normally dissolved in liquid portion of blood including oxygen, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen.

cardiologist

Physician specializing in diagnosing and treating heart abnormalities and diseases.

hematologist

Physician specializing in blood and blood-forming tissue disorders.

vascular surgeon

Physician specializing in diagnosis, medical management, and surgical treatment of blood vessel disorders.

Congenital heart defects

Structural birth abnormalities caused by failure of heart to develop normally before birth.

Coronary artery disease

Atherosclerosis of coronary arteries reducing myocardial blood supply.

Atherosclerosis

Abnormal hardening and narrowing of arteries caused by cholesterol plaque buildup.

plaque

Fatty deposit similar to rust inside a pipe found within arterial lumen.

lumen

Opening within blood vessels through which blood flows.

Thrombocytes

Smallest formed elements playing a key role in blood clotting.

Blood types

Classified by the presence or absence of certain antigens; major types are A, AB, B, and O.

Rh factor

Defines the presence or absence of the Rh antigen on red blood cells.

Endocardium

Inner lining of the heart consisting of epithelial tissue in direct contact with pumped blood.

Coronary arteries

Supply oxygen-rich blood to the myocardium.

Atria

Two upper heart chambers separated by the interatrial septum.

Ventricles

Two lower heart chambers separated by the interventricular septum.

Tricuspid valve

Controls the opening between the right atrium and right ventricle, having three cusps.

Pulmonary semilunar valve

Half-moon-shaped valve located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery.

Mitral valve

Left AV valve shaped like a bishop's mitre, also known as the bicuspid valve.

Aortic semilunar valve

Half-moon-shaped valve located between the left ventricle and the aorta.

Oxygenated

Containing an adequate supply of oxygen.

Deoxygenated

Oxygen-poor or not yet containing an adequate supply of oxygen.

Heartbeat

Ability to pump blood effectively throughout the body via coordinated contraction and relaxation.

Sinoatrial node (SA node)

Pacemaker located in the posterior right atrium establishing basic heart rhythm.

Atrioventricular node (AV node)

Located on the floor of the right atrium, transmitting impulses onward to the bundle of His.

Bundle of His

Group of fibers located within the interventricular septum ensuring contraction sequence.

Purkinje fibers

Specialized conductive fibers located within ventricular walls stimulating ventricular contraction.

Cardiovascular

Pertaining to the heart and blood vessels.

Pericardium

Double-walled membranous sac enclosing the heart.

Parietal pericardium

Fibrous sac surrounding and protecting the heart.

Pericardial fluid

Lubricant between pericardial layers preventing friction during heartbeats.

Visceral pericardium

Inner layer of the pericardium forming the outer layer of the heart.

Epicardium

External layer of the heart and inner visceral pericardium.

Myocardium

Middle and thickest muscular layer of the heart walls.

Heart apex

Lower tip of the hollow, muscular thoracic organ known as the heart.

Myocardial infarction

Occlusion of one or more coronary arteries caused by plaque buildup, commonly known as a heart attack.

Hemochromatosis

Genetic disorder causing intestines to absorb too much iron, accumulating in organs.

Leukopenia

Decrease in the number of disease-fighting white blood cells circulating in blood.

Polycythemia

Abnormal increase in red blood cells due to excess bone marrow production.

Sepsis

Potentially life-threatening infection from bacteria entering the bloodstream, causing multi-organ damage.

Thrombocytopenia

Condition with an abnormally small number of circulating platelets in the blood.

Thrombocytosis

Abnormal increase in the number of platelets in circulating blood.

Hemorrhage

Loss of a large amount of blood in a short period of time.

Transfusion reaction

Serious immune response when patient's blood and donated blood do not match.

Cholesterol

Fatty substance aiding cell membrane, hormone, and vitamin D production.

Hyperlipidemia

Elevated levels of cholesterol and other fatty substances in the blood.

Total cholesterol

Measured in mg/dL of blood to assess lipid levels.

Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol

Bad cholesterol whose excess quantities contribute to arterial plaque buildup.

High-density lipoprotein cholesterol

Good cholesterol carrying unneeded cholesterol back to the liver.

Triglycerides

Combinations of fatty acids attached to glycerol found normally in blood.

Myelodysplastic syndrome

Type of cancer with insufficient blood cell production due to bone marrow dysfunction.

Leukemia

Cancer characterized by a progressive increase in abnormal leukocytes in blood-forming tissues.

Anemia

Lower-than-normal red blood cell count causing fatigue and shortness of breath.

Aplastic anemia

Absence of all formed blood elements caused by bone marrow failure.

Iron-deficiency anemia

Common anemia where a lack of iron prevents blood from carrying oxygen effectively.

Megaloblastic anemia

Blood disorder with abnormally large red blood cells, usually from folate or B12 deficiency.

Pernicious anemia

Caused by a lack of intrinsic factor needed to absorb vitamin B12 from the GI tract.

Hemolytic anemia

Inadequate circulating red blood cells due to premature destruction by the spleen.

Sickle cell anemia

Genetic disorder with abnormal hemoglobin causing sickle-shaped red blood cells.

Thalassemia

Inherited blood disorder causing anemia due to reduced hemoglobin and fewer red blood cells.

Hypertension

Elevation of arterial blood pressure likely to cause cardiovascular damage.