Chapter 5 Cardiovascular System

Functions of the CV System

• Distribute blood to all areas of body

• Delivery of needed substances to cells

• Removal of wastes

Organs in the CV System

• Heart

• Arteries

• Capillaries

• Veins

heart

pumps blood through blood vessels

vein

carries blood towards the heart

artery

carries blood away from heart

capillary

exchange site between blood and tissues

aort/o

combining form for aorta

arteri/o

combining form for artery

ather/o

combining form for fatty substance

atri/o

combining form for atrium

cardi/o , coron/o

combining form for heart

corpor/o

combining form for body

embol/o

combining form for plug (blood clot)

isch/o

combining form for to hold back or suppress

myocardi/o

combining form for heart muscle

pect/o, steth/o

combining form for chest

phleb/o , ven/o

combining form for vein

sphygm/o

combining form for pulse

thromb/o

combining form for clot

valvul/o, valv/o

combining form for valve

varic/o

(varicose vain)

combining form for dilated (swollen) vein

vascul/o

blood vessel / vessel

vas/o

combining form for vessel, duct

ventricul/o

combining form for ventricle

–manometer

(sphygmomanometer)

suffix for instrument to measure pressure

-ole , -ule

(arteriole, venule)

suffix for small

-tension

(hypertension)

suffix for pressure

-tonic

(hypertonic)

suffix for pertaining to tone

Circulatory System

The CV System is aka

Oxygen, glucose, and amino acids

What does the CV system deliver to the cells?

Blood picks up carbon dioxide and other waste products from cells and delivers them to the lungs, liver, and kidneys for elimination.

What is the function of blood related to waste removal?

pulmonary circulation and systemic circulation

What is the CV system divided into?

Systemic Circulation

• Between heart and cells of body

• Carries oxygenated blood away from left side of heart to body

• Carries deoxygenated blood from body to right side of heart

Pulmonary Circulation

• Between heart and lungs

• Carries deoxygenated blood away from right side of heart to lungs

• Carries oxygenated blood from lungs to left side of heart

60 – 100 beats per minute (bpm), or about 100,000 times a day

How many times does the heart beat a day

True

T or F. The heart can be called a muscle instead of an organ

What happens each time a heart contracts?

• Blood is ejected from heart

• Pushed throughout body within blood vessels

Mediastinum

• More to left side of chest

• Directly behind sternum

Where is the heart located?

Apex

Tip of heart at lower edge

Endocardium, Myocardium, Epicardium

What are the three heart layers?

Endocardium

• Inner layer

• Lines heart   chambers

• Smooth, thin layer that reduces friction as the blood passes through heart chambers

Myocardium

• Middle layer

• Thick muscle

• Contraction of this layer develops the pressure required to pump blood through  blood vessels

Epicardium

• Outer layer

• Forms the visceral layer of  pericardial sac

• Fluid between layers of pericardial sac reduces friction as heart beats

• Two atria

• Two ventricles

What are the 4 chambers of the heart

Atria

• Left and right upper chambers

• Receiving chambers

• Blood returns to atria in veins

  • Superior and inferior vena cava

  • Pulmonary veins

Ventricle

• Left and right lower chambers

• Pumping chambers -> Thick myocardium

• Blood exits ventricles into arteries

  • Aorta

  • Pulmonary artery

• Tricuspid

• Pulmonary

• Mitral

• Aortic

What are the 4 valves in the heart

entrance and exit to ventricles

Where are the heart valves located?

Tricuspid Valve

• An atrioventricular valve

• Between right atrium and ventricle

• Prevents blood in ventricle from flowing back into atrium

• Has 3 leaflets or cusps

Pulmonary Valve

• A semilunar valve

• Between right ventricle and pulmonary artery

• Prevents blood in artery from flowing back into ventricle

• Semilunar – valve looks like half moon

Mitral Valve

• An atrioventricular valve

• Between left atrium and ventricle

• Prevents blood in ventricle from flowing back into atrium

• Also called bicuspid valve - has two cusps

Aortic Valve

• A semilunar valve

• Between left ventricle and aorta

• Prevents blood in aorta from flowing back into ventricle

 

Path of Blood Flow Through Heart

1. Deoxygenated blood from body enters relaxed right atrium via two large veins called:

   • Superior vena cava

   • Inferior vena cava

2. Right atrium contracts

   • Blood flows through tricuspid valve into  relaxed right ventricle

3. Right ventricle contracts

   • Blood is pumped through pulmonary valve into pulmonary artery

   • Carries blood to lungs

4. Relaxed left atrium receives blood that has been oxygenated by lungs

   • Blood enters left atrium from the four pulmonary veins

5. Left atrium contracts

   • Blood flows through mitral valve into relaxed left ventricle

6. Left ventricle contracts

   • Blood is pumped through the aortic valve and into aorta

   • Largest artery in the body

   • Carries blood to all parts of body

diastole

relaxation phase

systole

contraction phase

Conduction System of the Heart

1.       Sinoatrial (SA) node, or pacemaker, is where electrical impulse begins

2.       Next, atrioventricular node (AV) is stimulated

3.       This node transfers stimulation wave to bundle of His

4.       Electrical wave travels down bundle branches within interventricular septum

5.      Purkinje fibers in ventricular myocardium are stimulated

Lumen

Channel within blood vessels

capillary bed

Network of tiny, thin-walled blood vessels

venules

the smallest veins

Blood Pressure

Measurement of force exerted by blood against walls of a vessel

duct/o

(duct)

combining form for to bring

sept/o

(septum)

combining form for wall

son/o

(sonogram)

combining form for sound

aortic

pertaining to the aorta

aterial

pertaining to an artery

ateriole

a small artery

atrial

pertaining to an atrium

coronary, cardiac

pertaining to the heart

interatrial

pertaining to between the atria

interventricular

pertaining to between the ventricles

myocardinal

pertaining to the heart muscle

valvular

pertaining to a valve

vascular

pertaining to a blood vessel

venous

pertaining to a vein

ventricular

pertaining to a ventricle

venule

a small vein

cardiology

The branch of medicine involving diagnosis and treatment of conditions and diseases of the cardiovascular system. Physician is a cardiologist.

Cardiovascular Technician

Healthcare professional trained to perform a variety of diagnostic and therapeutic procedures including electrocardiography, echocardiography, and exercise stress tests.

angiitis

inflammation of a vessel

angiospasm

involuntary contraction of smooth muscle in wall of a vessels; narrows the vessel

angiostenosis

narrowing of a vessel

bradycardia

a slow heart rate, typically below 60 beats per minute

embolus

obstruction of blood vessel by blood clot that has broken off from a thrombus in another site

plaque

yellow, fatty deposit of lipids in an artery; hallmark of atherosclerosis

regurgitation

to flow backwards; in CV system refers to backflow of blood through a valve

tachycardia

having a fast heart rate, typically more than 100 beats per minute

thrombus

blood clot within a blood vessel; may partially or completely occlude blood vessel

angina pectoris

severe pain and sensation of constriction around heart; caused by myocardial ischemia

arrhythmia

irregularity in heartbeat; some are mild and others are life threatening

bundle branch block (BBB

electrical impulse is blocked from traveling down bundle branches; results in ventricles beating at different rate than atria; also called heart block

cardiac arrest

complete stopping of heart activity

cardiomegaly

an abnormally enlarged heart

cardiomyopathy

myocardial disease; may be caused by viral infection, congestive heart failure, or alcoholism; common reason for heart transplant

congenital septal defect (CSD)

hole, present at birth, in heart septum; allows mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood

congestive heart failure (CHF)

left ventricle muscle is too weak to efficiently pump blood; results in weakness, breathlessness, & edema

coronary artery disease (CAD

poor blood supply to heart muscle due to obstruction of coronary arteries; may cause angina pectoris and heart attack

endocarditis

inflammation of lining membranes of heart; if cause is bacterial may have a bacterial colony form, called vegetation

fibrillation

extremely serious arrhythmia characterized by quivering of heart fibers; cardiac arrest and death can occur

flutter

arrhythmia in which atria beat too rapidly, but in a regular pattern