CSET Multiple Subject I: History

Topics: California Government, Politics, Using Evidence, California History

Deferred Action For Childhood Arrivals (DACA)

A program implemented in 2012 with the aim of providing work permits and deferred adjudication for individuals who arrived as undocumented immigrants while they were minors. The program ended in 2017 and is currently being contested in federal court.

California Dream Act

A package of laws that allows undocumented students who have graduated from a California high school to be eligible for in-state tuition at state colleges and universities and to apply for state-based financial aid.

Hart-Celler Act

A 1965 law that ended the quota system used in immigration and replaced it with a system of preferences based on family connection and job skills. This change drastically increased the number of immigrants from Africa, Latin America and Asia who entered California beginning in the 1970s.

Recall

The ability to remove an elected official from office

Referendum

The process by which voters are able to approve or reject a law passed by state legislators

Initiative

Changes or amendments to a state constitution which are submitted to voters for approval

Immigration Reform and Control Act

A 1986 law that provided legal amnesty for certain undocumented individuals in the United States while tightening immigration enforcement

California Senate Bill 54

A California law which restricts the ability of local cities and police departments from cooperating with federal immigration officials

California Constitution

The document which provides the structure and organization of California government

New England Colony Cultures

Included Rhode Island, Connecticut, Massachusetts, and New Hampshire. Motivation for settlement: religious freedom. Features: abundant forests, rocky soil, mountains, and a short growing season. Economic activities: logging, fishing, and shipbuilding.

Ex: Massachusetts

Jim Crow Laws

Laws written after Reconstruction that enforced segregation in the South. Restricted the civil rights of black citizens, such as voting and educational equalities.

Laws written after Reconstruction that enforced segregation in the South. Restricted the civil rights of black citizens, such as voting and educational equalities.

a party in support of a weaker/smaller federal government

Ex: might have a party tenet that healthcare should be regulated at the state level and provided by private entities

Progressive Movement

A middle-class movement to correct changes in a system that had been corrupted by an abuse of power by the wealthy.

Southern Colony Cultures

Included Maryland, Virginia, North and South Carolina, and Georgia. Motivation for settlement: The Carolinas (profit-seeking private companies), Maryland (religious freedom), and Georgia (debtor’s colony). Features: fertile soil. Economic activities: plantation style agriculture, production of cash crops (tobacco, cotton, and indigo), dependence on slavery.

Ex: Virginia

Middle Colony Cultures

Included Delaware, New York, and New Jersey, (established as trade centers), and Pennsylvania, (established by Quakers for religious freedom). Features: fertile soil, access to iron ore, close proximity to coastlines. Nicknamed “the bread basket” colonies because of the large amounts of grain they produced.

Ex: Pennsylvania

Theodore Roosevelt / Teddy Roosevelt

26th President of the United States; known for his leadership in the Progressive Movement

18th Amendment

Ratified in 1917 and established the prohibition of alcohol. (Remember with: you can't drink at 18) Was repealed by the 21st Amendment in 1933

Modern Democratic Party

a party in support of a stronger/larger federal government

Ex: might have a party tenet that healthcare should be provided for all citizens by the Federal government

Alexander Hamilton

first Secretary of the US Treasury, oversaw the creation of the Bank of the United States

Bank of The United States

The debate over its creation (1791) led to the emergence of the first US political parties.

The Jungle

Novel by Upton Sinclair; exposed horrors of meatpacking industry; prompted federal regulation of food.

Tenement Housing

small, low-quality apartments built to house workers and immigrants in New York City and other large cities; lacked amenities or enough space for the large families who occupied the units;

Ex: wealthy female activists advocated for better living conditions for immigrants as a labor and child welfare issue

Jane Addams

Created settlement houses in Chicago to serve poor urban immigrant communities.

Democratic - Republicans

A political party created in opposition to the idea of a strong central government; advocated for states' rights.

Homestead Act of 1862

Gave 160 acres of land to American settlers if they would farm it. Settled the Great Plains but led to conflicts with Native Americans.

Sherman Anti-Trust Act

Regulated business practices.

Reconstruction

The period after the Civil War where the Confederate states and the Union states began the rebuilding of a single nation. Legislation was passed to ensure equality for former slaves, but long term impacts were limited.

National Park system

President Theodore Roosevelt doubled the size of the National Park system. He also passed legislation allowing himself and future presidents to declare sites and structures as historical landmarks that would then be owned and protected by the federal government.

Great Plains

Includes Texas, Oklahoma, New Mexico, Colorado, Kansas, Wyoming, Nebraska, North and South Dakota, and Montana. Features: hot summers and fertile prairie grassland. Economic activities: wheat agriculture.

Women's Rights Movement

Focused on women's right to vote, own property, retain their earnings, and participate in labor organizations.

Federalists

The first political party in the US; advocated for a strong central government.

Whiskey Rebellion

Rebellion of farmers in Pennsylvania in response to a tax on whiskey; suppressed by Washington's federal government. 1791

Transcontinental Railroad

Built between 1863 and 1869 and connected the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans

Temperance

A movement that began in the 1840's, dedicated to promoting moderation and even abstinence in the consumption of alcohol.

Quantitative Data

data which is measured and usually expressed numerically

Ex: distance, time, temperature, test scores

Evidence (Argumentative Writing)

factual information that supports the speaker's claim(s) in argumentation

Overgeneralization Fallacy

drawing a broad conclusion from insufficient or non-representative evidence

Qualitative Data

data which is described rather than measured

Ex: color, shape, smell, opinions

Cause

why something happens

Secondary Source

these resources are used to interpret the primary sources in order to determine their validity; written about the primary sources

Ex: a textbook explaining a battle

Slippery Slope Fallacy

when someone insists a minor action or event is responsible for a long chain of events

Ex: "If we add fresh vegetables to the cafeteria menu, soon you'll want expensive gourmet meals!"

Autobiography

a non-fiction text that an author writes about their own life

Logic

an organized way of thinking that uses a set of rules to reach conclusions

Assertion

a confident statement or claim presented as fact, often made without supporting evidence

Reasoning

the mental process of making judgements based on facts

Interpretation

facts or data by applying subjective analysis and judgment based on the available evidence

Synthesis

the combination of ideas to form one theory

Informed Opinion

judgements or conclusions based on the systematic analysis of verified evidence and reasoned interpretation, rather than personal feelings or beliefs

Effect

the impact of something that happens

Biography

a non-fiction text that an author writes about a different person's life

Logical Fallacy

an error in reasoning that undermines an argument

Ex: a Slippery Slope fallacy

Fact

information that can be proven or disproven

Chronology

organizing historical events by when they occurred and determining accurate dates

Inference

a conclusion based on evidence, observation, and reasoning

Primary Source

the "first hand” eye-witness accounts of an event

Ex: a letter written by George Washington about a battle he fought in

Conjecture

an inference created without proof

Ex: all quadrilaterals are rhombuses

Counterexample: rectangle

Straw Man Fallacy

when someone undercuts another person’s argument, but they didn't make that argument

Ex: A film critic says, "I'm tired of people treated Star Wars movies like Shakespeare! They're childish!" (They may be childish, but nobody claimed they were as good as Shakespeare.)

Central Valley

The large central region on California which contains some of the world's most fertile soil. It is home to the majority of California's industrial agricultural operations. Major crops are tomatoes, grapes, almonds and asparagus.

Mount Whitney

A mountain peak in California that is the highest point in the continental United States

Mojave Desert

A desert region encompassing much of Southern California and broader areas of the American southwest. Considered the driest desert in North America.

Totems

A physical object representing a spirit or deity in American Indian mythology

Sierra Nevada

The single largest mountain range in California; serves as a barrier between the Central Valley to the west and the Great Basin to the east

Death Valley

Lowest point in the continental United States

California State Water Project

The largest of California's large-scale irrigation project. Made up of aqueducts, dams and reservoirs to divert water as needed.

Mission

an organized effort by Christian evangelists to convert Indigenous populations to Christianity by establishing churches, schools, and institutions, which often supported the broader colonial agenda and contributed to the cultural transformation of colonized societies

Ex: A series of 21 religious settlements built in California with the aim of spreading Spanish culture, society and religion among the Native Americans

Confiscation

a policy in which Mexican government authorities seized mission properties

Cultural Traits

individual aspects of human activity that shape the social life of a place

Chinese Exclusion Act

federal legislation passed by Congress in 1882 that banned immigration of any Chinese national to the United States

Silicon Valley

The region of Northern California which serves as a global center of information technology, computing and social media

Cultural Region

A region defined by common human characteristics

Ex: Midwest

Sutter's Mill

The site of the first major gold discovery in California

Cultural Diffusion

the process by which cultural traits spread from one group to another

Dust Bowl

A series of extreme droughts and dust storms in the late 1930s. Drove many agricultural migrants from Oklahoma and Texas to California in search of work.

John Sutter

The first European to secure a land grant in Alta California in 1839; created a settlement in modern-day Sacramento

Californios

Descendents of Spanish settlers living in modern-day California

Mojave Tribe

A group of Native Americans indigenous to the regions of the Mojave desert in the southwestern United States

Junipero Serra

A Spanish Franciscan priest who implemented and oversaw the establishment of the mission movement in California

Acequias

Shared community waterways used to irrigate agriculture in Spanish territories of the New World

Bear Flag Republic

An unrecognized state led by a group of break-away settlers which existed for 25 days 1846. Members of the movement eventually allied themselves with the United States and the American military.

Non-Material Components

any aspect of a culture that is not physical

Ex: a religious belief

Peninsular Ranges

A series of mountains running through Southern California into Baja California; and alongside the Pacific coast

Great Basin

An area of watersheds to the east of California that extends into several other western states

Presidios

fortified bases built by the Spanish in the New World

Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo

The first European to explore the California coast when he entered San Diego Bay in 1542

49ers / Gold Rush

prospectors and miners who came to California in search of gold, beginning in 1849

Sacramento River

The largest of California's six water systems; collects water from Northern California and redistributes it for agricultural and civic use further south

Culture

a set of shared attitudes or beliefs common to a group or area

Miwok Tribe

A group of Native Americans indigenous to the regions of northern California

Alta California

The Mexican province which contains all of modern California and several other states

Material Components

physical items related to a culture

Ex: houses and buildings, means of transportation and communication