period 1

Mayan Civilization

An advanced society with organized cities and a calendar.

Inca Empire

A large empire in South America known for its sophisticated agriculture.

Aztec Empire

A powerful Mesoamerican civilization that thrived on agriculture.

Columbian Exchange

The exchange of goods, people, diseases between the Americas and Europe.

Southwest Native American Cultures

Cultures in the Southwest that developed irrigation-based farming.

Northeast Native American Confederation

A political union of tribes in the Mohawk Valley, known for its influence.

Midwest Mound Builders

A prehistoric Native American culture known for its large earthen mounds.

Largest Midwest Settlement

The largest settlement of the Midwest, near present-day St. Louis.

Spanish Exploration

Led by figures like Cortes and Pizarro, resulting in the conquest of major empires.

Encomienda System

A labor system where Spanish landowners used Native Americans for forced labor.

Treaty of Tordesillas

The agreement between Spain and Portugal that divided newly discovered lands.

Spanish Policy towards Natives

A rigid class system and forced labor that led to native population decline.

Bartolomé de Las Casas

A Spanish missionary who advocated for the better treatment of Native Americans.

Protestant Reformation

A religious movement that led to competition for converts in the Americas.

Atlantic Seaboard Settlements

Settlements developed by descendants of mound builders, utilizing river resources.

Nomadic Tribes of the Great Plains

Groups that followed buffalo herds and adapted to a migratory lifestyle.

Tobacco Cultivation

An important agricultural practice developed by Native American tribes.

Native American Demographics

The drastic population decline due to diseases introduced by Europeans.

Spanish Conquest

The expansion of Spanish dominion in the Americas through military force.

Dutch West India Company

A Dutch