Psychology Exam Review: Cognition, Language, and Intelligence

Flashcards covering key concepts from psychology related to cognition, language, and intelligence.

Cognition

The mental processes involved in acquiring, storing, retrieving, and using information.

Imagery

The ability to represent or picture a sensory experience in one's mind.

Concept

A label that represents a class or group of concepts, people, or events that share common characteristics.

Heuristic

A mental shortcut or rule of thumb that simplifies decision-making.

Framing

A cognitive bias where people react differently to a particular choice depending on how it is presented.

Prototype

An example that embodies the most common and typical features of a concept.

Elimination by Aspects

A decision-making technique that eliminates options based on whether they meet certain criteria.

Functional Fixedness

A cognitive bias that limits a person to using an object only in the way it is traditionally used.

Phonemes

The smallest unit of sound in a language that can cause a change of meaning.

Morpheme

The smallest meaningful unit of a language; can be a word or a meaningful part of a word.

Syntax

The set of rules for arranging words to create sentences.

Semantics

The study of meaning in language, how words and sentences convey meaning.

Pragmatics

The branch of linguistics that studies language use in context.

Emotional Intelligence (EI)

The ability to recognize, understand, and manage one's own emotions as well as the emotions of others.

G Factor

A construct that summarizes positive correlations among different cognitive tasks, reflecting general intelligence.

Fluid Intelligence

The capacity to solve novel problems independently of any knowledge from the past.

Crystallized Intelligence

Knowledge that comes from prior learning and past experiences.

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

A theory that categorizes human needs in a hierarchy, from basic physiological needs to self-actualization.

Drive Reduction Theory

The theory that motivation arises from biological drives to reduce tension and meet physiological needs.

James-Lange Theory

The theory that emotions result from physiological reactions to events.

Cannon-Bard Theory

The theory that emotional experience and physiological reactions occur simultaneously and independently.

Schachter-Singer Theory

The theory that emotion is based on physiological arousal and cognitive interpretation of that arousal.

Facial Feedback Hypothesis

The theory that facial expressions can influence emotional experiences.