Chem Units 1-3 Final

Calorie

Energy required to raise the temperature of one gram of water by one degree Celsius.

Mass

Measure of the amount of matter in an object.

Weight

Force exerted on an object by Earth’s gravitational pull.

Derived Units

Combining SI units into compound units.

Density

Ratio of mass and volume.

Potential Energy

Stored energy associated with the position, shape, or condition of an object.

Kinetic Energy

Energy associated with the motion of an object.

Energy Transfer

Passing of energy from one object to another.

Temperature

Average kinetic energy of the particles that make up a sample of matter.

Conversion Factors

Ratios relating the value of one unit measure to another.

Accuracy

Closeness of a measurement to the correct or accepted value of the quantity measured.

Precision

Closeness of measurements of the same quantity made in the same way.

Significant Figures

Measurement consisting of all the digits known with certainty plus the first estimated digit.

Captive Zeros

Zeros appearing between nonzero digits.

Leading Zeros

Zeros that precede nonzero digits.

Trailing Zeros

Zeros at the end of a number.

Matter

Anything that takes up space and has mass.

Physical Property

Property that can be measured or observed without changing the identity of matter.

Mixture

Blend of two or more kinds of matter.

Homogeneous Mixtures/Solutions

Uniform mixtures.

Heterogeneous Mixtures

Mixtures that are not uniform throughout.

Filtration

Separate a solid with larger particles from a liquid with smaller particles.

Centrifugation

Separates certain solid components by spinning rapidly.

Paper Chromatography

Used to separate dyes or pigments based on movement rates on paper.

Pure Substances

Substances with a fixed composition.

Compounds

Substances with constant composition that can be broken down into elements by chemical processes.

Elements

Substances that cannot be decomposed by chemical or physical means.

Open System

Energy and matter flow in and out freely.

Closed System

Little to no exchange of matter but energy may be exchanged.

Isolation System

Neither matter nor energy can flow in or out.

Criteria

Goals for the solution.

Constraint

Limitations of the design.

Heat

Form of energy that is transferred between systems.

Thermodynamics

The relationship between heat and other forms of energy and how it can be transferred and transformed.

Temperature

Average kinetic energy of the particles in a substance.

Zeroth Law

If two bodies are in thermal equilibrium with a third body, they are in thermal equilibrium with each other.

Kinetic Molecular Theory

Describes properties of ideal gases, stating that particles are in constant motion.

Heat Engine

System that transforms heat energy into work.

Work

Transfer of energy to a system by application of force.

Entropy

Measure of disorder in a system.

Ideal Gas

Hypothetical gas with no volume and no intermolecular forces.

Periodic Law

Chemical and physical properties repeat with increasing atomic number.

Electronegativity

Measure of attraction for an atom in a molecule.

Ionization Energy

Energy required to remove an electron from a neutral atom.

Atomic Radius

Half the distance between the nuclei of identical atoms.