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Calorie
Energy required to raise the temperature of one gram of water by one degree Celsius.
Mass
Measure of the amount of matter in an object.
Weight
Force exerted on an object by Earth’s gravitational pull.
Derived Units
Combining SI units into compound units.
Density
Ratio of mass and volume.
Potential Energy
Stored energy associated with the position, shape, or condition of an object.
Kinetic Energy
Energy associated with the motion of an object.
Energy Transfer
Passing of energy from one object to another.
Temperature
Average kinetic energy of the particles that make up a sample of matter.
Conversion Factors
Ratios relating the value of one unit measure to another.
Accuracy
Closeness of a measurement to the correct or accepted value of the quantity measured.
Precision
Closeness of measurements of the same quantity made in the same way.
Significant Figures
Measurement consisting of all the digits known with certainty plus the first estimated digit.
Captive Zeros
Zeros appearing between nonzero digits.
Leading Zeros
Zeros that precede nonzero digits.
Trailing Zeros
Zeros at the end of a number.
Matter
Anything that takes up space and has mass.
Physical Property
Property that can be measured or observed without changing the identity of matter.
Mixture
Blend of two or more kinds of matter.
Homogeneous Mixtures/Solutions
Uniform mixtures.
Heterogeneous Mixtures
Mixtures that are not uniform throughout.
Filtration
Separate a solid with larger particles from a liquid with smaller particles.
Centrifugation
Separates certain solid components by spinning rapidly.
Paper Chromatography
Used to separate dyes or pigments based on movement rates on paper.
Pure Substances
Substances with a fixed composition.
Compounds
Substances with constant composition that can be broken down into elements by chemical processes.
Elements
Substances that cannot be decomposed by chemical or physical means.
Open System
Energy and matter flow in and out freely.
Closed System
Little to no exchange of matter but energy may be exchanged.
Isolation System
Neither matter nor energy can flow in or out.
Criteria
Goals for the solution.
Constraint
Limitations of the design.
Heat
Form of energy that is transferred between systems.
Thermodynamics
The relationship between heat and other forms of energy and how it can be transferred and transformed.
Temperature
Average kinetic energy of the particles in a substance.
Zeroth Law
If two bodies are in thermal equilibrium with a third body, they are in thermal equilibrium with each other.
Kinetic Molecular Theory
Describes properties of ideal gases, stating that particles are in constant motion.
Heat Engine
System that transforms heat energy into work.
Work
Transfer of energy to a system by application of force.
Entropy
Measure of disorder in a system.
Ideal Gas
Hypothetical gas with no volume and no intermolecular forces.
Periodic Law
Chemical and physical properties repeat with increasing atomic number.
Electronegativity
Measure of attraction for an atom in a molecule.
Ionization Energy
Energy required to remove an electron from a neutral atom.
Atomic Radius
Half the distance between the nuclei of identical atoms.
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