Communication and Public Speaking Exam Review

Stages of the Listening Process

Steps involved in active listening, including Hearing, Understanding, Interpreting, Evaluating, Remembering, and Responding.

Hearing

The first stage of the listening process, involving physically processing sound and directing attention.

Understanding

Recognizing the literal meaning of the words spoken by the other person.

Interpreting

Identifying implications suggested in words and considering intended actions.

Evaluating

Comparing new information against past knowledge for accuracy and validity.

Remembering

The ability to recall messages, crucial for effective listening.

Responding

Communicating attention and comprehension to the speaker, indicating active listening.

Listening Styles

Different approaches to listening, including People-oriented, Content-oriented, Action-oriented, and Time-oriented.

People-oriented listening

View listening as a way to build personal relationships.

Content-oriented listening

Prefer intellectually challenging information.

Action-oriented listening

Seek clear, organized, and direct messages.

Time-oriented listening

Prefer brief and efficient communication.

Barriers to Active Listening

Obstacles that hinder effective listening, including Selective Listening, Pseudo Listening, and Aggressive Listening.

Selective Listening

Focusing only on parts of the information presented by the speaker while ignoring the rest.

Pseudo Listening

Behaving as if one is listening while not actually paying attention.

Aggressive Listening

Listening solely to find opportunities to attack the speaker.

Self-awareness

Recognizing oneself as a unique individual separate from the environment.

Self-concept

The overall evaluation of who you are based on your beliefs, attitudes, and values.

Self-esteem

The overall value you assign to yourself.

JoHari Window

A communication tool designed to improve self-awareness and interpersonal relationships.

Perception Process

Steps in understanding information: Selecting, Organizing, and Interpreting.

Attribution Process

The method of explaining reasons for behaviors based on internal or external factors.

Types of Speech Delivery

Different methods of delivering a speech: Manuscript, Impromptu, Memorized, and Extemporaneous.

Statistics

Numerical data used to summarize information or show relationships between phenomena.

Examples

Single instances that illustrate or personalize information.

Comparisons

Linking two similar items to highlight significant aspects.

Quotations/Testimonies

Using exact statements from others to support a point.

Attention Getting Strategies

Techniques used to engage an audience at the start of a speech such as quotations, reference to current or historical events, anecdotes (short story), startling statements/unusual information, ask questions, use humor, & personal reference

Logos

Logical proof based on reasoning and evidence in persuasive speaking.

Pathos

Emotional appeal aimed at influencing beliefs and actions.

Ethos

The credibility and character of the speaker as perceived by the audience.

Types of Claims

Classifications of persuasive arguments: Claim of fact, Claim of value, Claim of policy.

claim of fact

declares something is true or will happen

claim of value

addresses issues of judgement

claim of policy

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Halo Effect

Assumption that expertise in one area implies expertise in others.

Bandwagoning

Argument based on the popularity of an idea or opinion.

Either-or-Fallacy

Presenting only two options when more exist.

Ad Hominem Argument

Attacking the person rather than addressing the issue.

Hasty Generalization

Drawing broad conclusions from insufficient evidence.

Slippery Slope

Assuming one action will lead to a series of negative outcomes.

Evaluating the Credibility of Sources

Criteria to assess information validity: Currency, Relevance, Authority, Accuracy, Purpose.

Monroe’s Motivated Sequence

A persuasive speech technique with stages: Attention, Need, Satisfaction, Visualization, Action.