Respiration, types of chemical reaction, pressure and moments

Catalyst

Substance that speeds up a chemical reaction but is not used up

Closed system

A system in which no substances can get in or out

Combustion

A reaction in which a substance burns with a good supply of oxygen to produce oxides; energy is also released

Compound

Substance made from 2 or more elements chemically joined together

Law of the Conservation of Mass

In a reaction, the total mass of the reactants must be equal to the total mass of the products

Displacement reaction

A reaction in which a more reactive element takes the place of a less reactive element in a compound, e.g, copper carbonate + potassium---> copper + potassium carbonate

Electrolysis

Decomposition of compounds using electricity

Element

A substance containing only 1 type of atom

Endothermic reaction

A reaction where thermal energy is transferred from the surroundings to the chemicals, so the temperature decreases

Exothermic reaction

Reaction where thermal energy is transferred from the chemical to the surroundings, so the temperature increases

Neutralisation

A reaction in which some or all of the hydrogen ions from an acid are used up by reaction with another substance, such as a base

Precipitate

An insoluble solid formed when solutions are mixed together

Oxidation

A reaction in which atoms of oxygen are gained

Thermal decomposition

When a heat causes a substance to break down into simpler substances

Upthrust

The upward force that acts on an object due to the gas or liquid that it is in

Moment

The turning effect of the force

Pivot

The point an object turns around, e.g the hinge on a door

Pressure

= force over area

Diffusion

Physical process that refers to the net movement of molecules from a region of high concentration to one of lower concentration.

Products

These are substances that are formed as a result of a chemical reaction.

Reactants

Substances initially present in a chemical reaction that are used up during the reaction to make products.

Gaseous exchange

The transfer of oxygen from inhaled air in the lungs into the blood and the transfer of carbon dioxide from the blood into the exhaled air.

Abdomen

The part of the body between the thorax and the pelvis.

Ribs

Are the long, curved bones which form the rib cage. They surround the chest and protect the heart and lungs.

Cilia

Tiny hairs which protect the nasal passageways and other parts of the respiratory tract, filtering out dust and other particles that enter the nose with the breathed air.

Alveoli

Alveoli is the plural of alveolus. These are tiny air sacs within the lungs where the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place.

Trachea

Commonly known as the windpipe. It is a cartilaginous tube that carries air from your throat to your lungs.

Epiglottis

A flap in the throat that keeps food from entering the windpipe (trachea) and the lungs.

Thoracic cavity

Also called the chest cavity. This is the second largest hollow space in the body. It is enclosed by the ribs, the vertebral column, and the sternum.

Bronchioles

The tiny branch of air tubes within the lungs that is a continuation of the bronchus. These small tubes connect to the alveoli (air sacs).

Pleural fluid

The fluid that is found between the layers of the pleura, the membranes of which line the cavity and surround the lungs.

Mucus

A thick liquid that is produced in some parts of your body, for example the inside of your nose.

Carcinogenic

A substance that causes cancer.

Bronchitis

Is an infection of the main airways of the lungs (bronchi), causing them to become irritated and inflamed.

Asthma

A respiratory condition marked by spasms in the bronchi of the lungs, causing difficulty in breathing. It usually results from an allergic reaction or other forms of hypersensitivity.

Nicotine

Is the substance in tobacco that people can become addicted to.

Tar

Is a term used to describe the toxic chemical particles left behind by burning tobacco. These particles form a tacky brown or yellow residue which coats the lung surface.

Addicted

Being physically or mentally dependent on a particular substance.

Drug

A chemical which alters the way the body works.

Stimulant

A drug which increases brain activity, making your body react faster e.g. Nicotine, Caffeine, Ecstasy.

Depressant

A drug which decreases brain activity, making your body react more slowly e.g. Alcohol, Solvents, Heroin.

Substance misuse

Continued misuse of any mind-altering substance that severely affects a person's physical and mental health.

Recreational drug

These substances (e.g. alcohol, nicotine, ecstasy) are used for leisure purposes, because they cause changes in mood or behaviour.

Peak flow meter

A device used to measure lung function.

Intercostal muscles

These muscles are found between the ribs and help form and move the chest wall. They are involved in the mechanical aspect of breathing. These muscles help expand and shrink the size of the chest cavity to facilitate breathing.

Pleural membrane

A thin layer of tissue that lines the pleural cavity, the space that surrounds the lungs and lies underneath the chest wall.

Bronchus

One of the two tubes that branch from the trachea and carry air into the lungs.

Cartilage

Firm, rubbery tissue that cushions bones at joints.

Larynx

An organ in the throat which contains the vocal cords.

Diaphragm

The muscle that separates the chest (thoracic) cavity from the abdomen. Contraction and relaxation of the diaphragm muscle allows changes in volume of the chest cavity to allow breathing.

Emphysema

Is a lung condition that causes shortness of breath due to the air sacs in the lungs (alveoli) being damaged.

Ventilation

The process of taking air into and expelling it from the lungs

Breathing

The process of taking in oxygen from the air that enters the lungs through inhalation and releasing of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere through exhalation.

Respiration

The biochemical process of taking oxygen and glucose into the body and expelling carbon dioxide, water and energy

Equation for a moment

Force x distance