Organic Chem Ch 1 Review & Vocab

______ compounds contain carbon atoms, while _______ compounds generally lack carbon atoms

Organic compounds contain carbon atoms, while inorganic compounds generally lack carbon atoms

__________ share the same molecular formula but have diff connectivity of atoms & diff physical properties

constitutional isomers share the same molecular formula but have diff connectivity of atoms & diff physical properties

each element will generally form a predictable number of bonds. carbon is generally _______, nitrogen _______, oxygen _______, and hydrogen & halogens _________

each element will generally form a predictable number of bonds. carbon is generally tetravalent, nitrogen trivalent, oxygen divalent, and hydrogen & halogens monovalent :)

a ________ results when 2 atoms share a pair of e-

a covalent bond results when 2 atoms share a pair of e-

covalent bonds are illustrated using __________, in which e- are represented by dots

covalent bonds are illustrated using lewis structures, in which e- are represented by dots

second row elements generally obey the ______ _____, bonding to achieve noble gas e- config

second row elements generally obey the octet rule, bonding to achieve noble gas e- config

a pair of unshared e- is called a ___ ____

a pair of unshared e- is called a lone pair

a _____ ______ occurs when atoms do not exhibit the appropriate number of valance e-, these must be drawn in lewis structures

a formal charge occurs when atoms do not exhibit the appropriate number of valance e-, these must be drawn in lewis structures

bonds are classified as 1.______, 2. ______ _______, or 3.______

bonds are classified as 1.covalent, 2. polar covalent, or 3.ionic

polar covalent bonds exhibit ______, causing formation of partial positive charges & partial negative charges. ________ _______ _______ present a visual illustration of partial charges

polar covalent bonds exhibit induction, causing formation of partial positive charges & partial negative charges. electrostatic potential maps present a visual illustration of partial charges

in _______ ___ ______, carbon atoms & most hydrogen atoms are not drawn

in bond line structures, carbon atoms & most hydrogen atoms are not drawn

_______ ________ describes e- in terms of their wavelike properties

quantum mechanics describes e- in terms of their wavelike properties

a ______ _____ describes the total energy of an electron when in the vicinity of a proton. solutions to wave equations are called ____________, where psi² represents the probability of finding an electron in a particular location.

a wave eqn describes the total energy of an electron when in the vicinity of a proton. solutions to wave equations are called wavefunctions, where psi² represents the probability of finding an electron in a particular location.

_______ _______ are represented visually by generating 3 dimensional plots of psi², ______ indicate that the value of psi is zero

atomic orbitals are represented visually by generating 3 dimensional plots of psi², nodes indicate that the value of psi is zero

an occupied orbital can be thought of as a cloud of _______ ______

an occupied orbital can be thought of as a cloud of electron density

electrons fills orbitals following three principles: 1. ______ ______ (fill energy levels lowest-highest), 2. _____ _______ ______ (no e- can occupy same energy state at same time - diff arrows in homo/lumo) 3. _____ _____ (each energy level singly occupied before doubles) orbitals w the same energy level are called _____ ______

electrons fills orbitals following three principles: 1. aufabu principle (fill energy levels lowest-highest), 2. pauli exclusion principle (no e- can occupy same energy state at same time - diff arrows in homo/lumo) 3. hunds rule (each energy level singly occupied before doubles) orbitals w the same energy level are called degenerate orbitals

_____ _____ _____ treats every bond as the sharing of electron density btwn 2 atoms as a result of the constructive interference of their atomic orbitals

valance bond theory treats every bond as the sharing of electron density btwn 2 atoms as a result of the constructive interference of their atomic orbitals

____ ______ are formed when the electron density is located primarily on the bond axis

sigma bonds are formed when the electron density is located primarily on the bond axis

______ _______ ______ uses a mathematical method called linear combination of atomic orbitals (LCAO) to form ________ ________. each one is associated w entire molecule, instead of just 2 atoms

molecular orbital theory uses a mathematical method called linear combination of atomic orbitals (LCAO) to form molecular orbitals. each one is associated w entire molecule, instead of just 2 atoms

the ________ ____ of molecular hydrogen results from constructive interference btwn its 2 atomic orbitals. the ______ ____ is from destructive interference.

the bonding MO of molecular hydrogen results from constructive interference btwn its 2 atomic orbitals. the antibonding MO is from destructive interference.

an __________ is a region of space associated w an individual atom, while a molec orbital is associated w an entire molecule

an atomic orbital is a region of space associated w an individual atom, while a molec orbital is associated w an entire molecule

2 molec orbitals are the most important to consider 1.________________ and 2. ___________

2 molec orbitals are the most important to consider 1. highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and 2. lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO)

methane’s tetrahedral geometry can be explained using 4 degenerate __________. the remaining p orbitals overlap to form a separate bonding interaction, called a ________. the carbon atoms of ethylene are connected via this bond, resulting from the overlap of sp² hybridized atomic orbitals, & via this bond, resulting from overlap of p orbitals, both which make up the double bond of ethylene

methane’s tetrahedral geometry can be explained using 4 degenerate sp³ hybridized orbitals. the remaining p orbitals overlap to form a separate bonding interaction, called a pi bond. the carbon atoms of ethylene are connected via this bond, resulting from the overlap of sp² hybridized atomic orbitals, & via this bond, resulting from overlap of p orbitals, both which make up the double bond of ethylene

acetylene’s linear geo iis from _______carbon atoms in which a triple bond is created from the bonding interactions of one sigma bond, from overlapping sp orbitals, and two pi bonds, from overlapping p orbitals

acetylene’s linear geo iis from sp-hybridized carbon atoms in which a triple bond is created from the bonding interactions of one sigma bond, from overlapping sp orbitals, and two pi bonds, from overlapping p orbitals

bond strength: triple bonds » double bonds » single bonds

triple bonds are stronger & shorter than double bonds, which are stronger & shorter than single bonds

geometry of small compounds can be predicted using valance shell e- pair repulsion (______) theory, which focuses on the number of sigma bonds and lone pairs exhibited by each atom. total, _____________ indicated the number of electron pairs that repel each other

geometry of small compounds can be predicted using valance shell e- pair repulsion (VSEPR) theory, which focuses on the number of sigma bonds and lone pairs exhibited by each atom. total, steric number indicated the number of electron pairs that repel each other

a compound’s geometry depends on the number of lone pairs & can be______________________ (5)

a compound’s geometry depends on the number of lone pairs & can be tetrahedral, trigonal pyramidal, bent, trigional planar, or linear

___________- occur when the center of negative charge & the center of pos charge are separated from each other by a certain distance; it is used to indicate polarity

dipole moments occur when the center of negative charge & the center of pos charge are separated from each other by a certain distance; it is used to indicate polarity

% ionic character of a bond is determined by measuring its ____________. the vector sum of individual dipole moments in a compound determines the _______________-

% ionic character of a bond is determined by measuring its dipole moment. the vector sum of individual dipole moments in a compound determines the molecular dipole moment

physical properties of compounds are determined by ___________- the attractive forces btwn molecules

physical properties of compounds are determined by intermolecular forces, the attractive forces btwn molecules

_________________ occur btwn 2 molecules that possess permanent dipole moments. __________, type of attractive interaction, occurs when the lone pairs of an electronegative atom interact w an electron-poor hydrogen atom. compounds that exhibit this have higher boiling points than similar compounds that lack it

dipole-dipole interactions occur btwn 2 molecules that possess permanent dipole moments. h-bonding, type of attractive interaction, occurs when the lone pairs of an electronegative atom interact w an electron-poor hydrogen atom. compounds that exhibit this have higher boiling points than similar compounds that lack it

____________ result from interaction btwn transient dipole moments & are stronger for larger alkanes due to their larger surface area & ability to accomodate more interactions

london dispersion forces result from interaction btwn transient dipole moments & are stronger for larger alkanes due to their larger surface area & ability to accomodate more interactions

like dissolves like

polar compounds are soluble in polar solvents; nonpolar compounds soluble in nonpolar solvents

soaps are compounds that contain both ________ and _________ regions. the _________ tails surrounds nonpolar compounds, forming a water soluble _______

soaps are compounds that contain both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions. the hydrophobic tails surrounds nonpolar compounds, forming a water soluble micelle